• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2004

Fodder supply condition was studied at 41 nomadic families in Gobi, Southern Semi-Desert area in Mongolia, from Dec. 1994 to Apr. 1995 to determine problems in cold, feed deficient season for establishment of sustainable livestock production system. The conditions of two family groups: those located in sparse vegetation (FG1), and those in comparably dense (FG2), were also compared. Commercial concentrate feed (concentrate), hay and Zoodoi were prepared for supplementation. Zoodoi was hand-made feed made mainly of Allium mongolicum and Allium polyrrhizum. Allium mongolicum tended to be used at FG1 frequently, and Allium polyrrhizum at FG2 depend on differences of micro vegetation. 44%, 90% and 39% of families prepared 165.6 kg of concentrate, 301.6 kg of hay and 6.8 kg of Zoodoi per sheep and goat (small livestock) on the average, respectively. The ratio of families that used concentrate at FG1 was smaller than those at FG2, though there were no significant differences on the amount. More hay was fed at FG1 than at FG2, and Zoodoi tended to be fed more in the FG1 group. Recipients were mostly restricted to young, female and sick small livestock that use the feeds effectively. More families gave concentrate and hay to the young than to the females and sick. They also gave more Zoodoi to young and sick animals than to females in this area. In the FG1 group, no differences were found between recipients on the concentrate supply. More families supplied hay to young animals than to sick ones, and Zoodoi was fed more to sick animals than to young and females. On the other hand, those in the FG2 found, more families fed fodders to young than to female and sick regardless of the kinds of feeds. The amount of fodder supplementation in the studied area was restricted, but accurate techniques of nomads to adapt the situation were clarified.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the effect of physicochemical properties and mix ratios of iron ore (oxide feed): coke (reductant) on the carbothermic reductions of iron ore. Coke size was fixed at ≤63 ㎛ while iron ore size varied between 150-63 ㎛ and ≤63 ㎛ respectively. Mix ratios were changed from 100:0 (reference) to 80:20 and 60:40 while the temperature, heating rate and soaking duration in muffle furnace were fixed at 1100 ℃, 10 ℃/min and 1 hour. Particle size analyzer, XRF, CHNS and XRD analyses were used for determination of raw feed characteristics. The occurrence of phase transformations from various forms of iron oxides to iron during the carbothermal reductions were identified through XRD profiles and supported with weight loss (%). XRF analysis proved that iron ore is of high grade with 93.4% of Fe₂O₃ content. Other oxides present in minor amounts are 2% Al₂O₃ and 1.8% SiO₂ with negligible amounts of other compounds such as MnO, K₂O and CuO. Composite pellet with finer size iron particles (≤63 ㎛) and higher carbon content of 60:40 exhibited 45.13% weight lost compared to 32.30% and 3.88% respectively for 80:20 and 100:0 ratios. It is evident that reduction reactions can only occur with the presence of coke, the carbon supply. The small weight loss of 3.88% at 100:0 ratio occurs due to the removal of moisture and volatiles and oxidations of iron ore. Higher carbon supply at 60:40 leads into better heat and mass transfer and diffusivity during carbothermic reductions. Overall, finer particle size and higher carbon supply improves reactivity and gas-solid interactions resulting in increased reductions and phase transformations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.107-112
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• 1992

Feeding of bypass protein to lactating animals have been suggested by many research scientists as a way to increase the nutrient supply at the intestinal level thereby enhance animal production in ruminant animals. A feeding trial with a formulated bypass protein feed on straw based ration was carried out by using lactating cross bred cows at the stage of 4th month of their lactation. Bypass protein feed was fed at 5 different levels. Urea Molasses Block was used as a nitrogen source to the rumen microflora. In order to reduce the heat increment straw intake was restricted to all the animals. Urea Molasses Block intake was noticed varying in proportion with the bypass protein feed intake. Milk production was observed increasing in accordance with the level of bypass protein feed intake. However, the maximum response was noticed in cows that were fed 3 kg bypass protein feed. The nutrient availability at this stage was below the NRC (1988) requirements. Other remarkable finding was that the cows maintained the persistency of milk production even after 3rd month of lactation when the ambient temperature was $40^{\circ}C$.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2008년 영문 학술대회
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• pp.732-736
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• 2008

The traditional method to calculate the gravity feed is to assume that only one tank in fuel system supplies the needed fuel to the engine, and then calculated for the single branch. Actually, all fuel tanks compete for supplying oil. Our method takes into consideration all fuel tanks and therefore, we believe, our method is intrinsically superior to traditional methods and is closer to understanding the real seriousness of the oil supply situation. Firstly, the thesis gives the mathematical model for fuel flow pipe, pump, check valve and the simulation model for fuel tank. On the basis of flow network theory and time difference method, we established a new calculation method for gravity feed oil of aeroplane fuel system, secondly. This model can solve the multiple-branch and transient process simulation of gravity feed oil. Finally, we give a numerical example for a certain type of aircraft, achieved the variations of oil level and flow mass per second of each oil tanks. In addition, we also obtained the variations of the oil pressure of the engine inlet, and predicted the maximum time that the aeroplane could fly safely under gravity feed. These variations show that our proposed method of calculations is satisfactory.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2015

본 연구는 음식폐기물 건조사료를 곤충의 먹이(사료)로 공급하여 대량 증식을 위한 특성을 연구하였다. 특히 아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)의 경우 음식폐기물 건조사료 함량에 따른 유충 증식량을 평가한 결과, 발육 초기에는 호프박과 일반사료를 음식폐기물 건조사료와 함께 혼합하여 공급한 경우 증체량이 증가하였으나, 발육이 서서히 진행되면서 종령시기에는 음식폐기물 건조사료 100%와 혼합사료간 유충의 중량에 큰 차이가 없었다. 집파리 유충은 음식폐기물 건조사료를 먹이로 100% 공급할 경우 발육이 부진하여 비정상적으로 용화되었으며, 정상적인 사육을 위해서는 음식폐기물 건조사료 함량을 20~30%로 낮게 공급하는 것이 효율적이다. 아메리카왕거저리의 유충은 사료의 종류에 크게 영향을 받지 않고 발육하는 것으로 나타났으며, 음식폐기물 건조사료에서 사망하는 개체가 조사되지 않아 먹이(사료)로 공급해도 생육을 저해하지 않았다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2020

현재 국내에서 활용되고 있는 자동화된 어류 급이 장치는 특정 시간과 일정량의 사료를 시간에 맞추어 수조에 공급하는 방식이다. 이는 고령화되고 고가인 양식장 관리의 인건비는 줄일 수 있으나 양식 생산성에 결정적 요인이 되는 고가의 사료량을 지능적으로 적절히 조절하기는 매우 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 기존 자동급이 장치의 문제점을 해결하고, 양식장에서 어류의 성장률을 적절하게 유지하면서 사료 공급의 효율성을 극대화할 수 있는 퍼지추론 기반의 지능형 어류 자동 급이 모델인 FIIFF 추론 모델(Fuzzy Inference based Intelligent Fish Feeding Model)을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 FIIFF 지능형 급이 추론모델은 양식어류의 현재 생육 환경 정보 및 실시간 활동 상태를 기반으로 급이량을 산출하기 때문에 사료 급이량 적절성이 매우 높다. 본 연구에서 제안한 FIIFF 추론 모델의 급이량 산출 실험 결과에서는 8개월 동안 양식장에서 실제 투입한 급이량보다 14.8%를 절감하는 효과를 보여준다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.946-951
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• 2011

The study was conducted to evaluate enzose (corn dextrose), a corn milling byproduct, as substitute for corn grain as energy in growing lambs. Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated. The control diet (E0) had no enzose whereas enzose replaced 20, 40, 60 and 80% corn grain in E20, E40, E60 and E80 diets on the basis of energy supply, respectively. Fifty growing lambs were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals in each, in a randomized complete block design. Nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre) intake and digestibilities increased with gradual replacement of corn grain by enzose. Lambs fed E80 diet also retained higher nitrogen (N) than those fed E0 diet. Plasma glucose, $T_3$ and $T_4$ increased while urea N decreased in lambs receiving higher enzose content. Maximum weight gain was recorded in lambs fed diets containing maximum concentration of E as a replacement for corn grains. A better feed conversion ratio was recorded in lambs fed E80 compared with those fed E0 diet. The study suggests that enzose can be used as an economical feed ingredient to replace corn grain upto 80%, without any adverse effects on growth performance of growing lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.272-276
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• 1998

Sheep and goats in Pakistan have not been able to produce to the best of their potential. This may primarily be attributed to under feeding and malnutrition. Ranges have been depleted due to overgrazing and mismanagement and are not in position to feed the existing small ruminant population. To overcome the shortage of good quality fodder and balanced feed supply, the alternate means like cereal straws and other crop residues are being commonly used. Sunflower crop residues like stalks and heads provide a good quality forage for livestock. These crop byproducts are rich in crude protein and lower in crude fibre. Their inclusion in the diet of small ruminants at 20, 30 and 40 percent levels in ration has shown significantly (p < 0.05) increased feed intake and weight gain. Daily feed intake was 1,130, 1,180 and 1,750 g for sunflower crop residue, soybean crop residue and wheat straw, respectively, when added at the rate of 20 percent in the ration. The drymatter digestibility of sunflower, soybean crop residues and wheat straw was also comparable. The maximum performance of the animals was observed at the 20 percent level of inclusion of sunflower crop residue in the diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.378-387
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• 2009

To investigate the effects of sago palm pith (SPP) substitution of corn in the diets on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, nitrogen balance and microbial N Supply, five ruminally fistulated Southern indigenous cattle (mean initial BW = 226${\pm}$5 kg) were randomly assigned to a 5${\times}$5 Latin Square Design to receive five diets, $T_1$ = concentrate with 0% SPP, $T_2$ = 25% SPP, $T_3$ = 50% SPP, $T_4$ = 75% SPP and $T_5$ = 100% SPP, of dietary dry matter, respectively. Plicatulum hay (PH) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which liveweight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among treatments groups regarding total DM intake (OMI, NDFI and ADFI) and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF), while total DM intake (% BW) was significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. Rumen parameters (ruminal temperature, pH, glucose, packed cell volume, volatile fatty acid and rumen microorganism populations) were similar among treatments (p>0.05), whereas $NH_3-N$, blood urea nitrogen and molar proportion of propionate concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher as higher levels of SPP were incorporated into diets. The amount of N absorption, N retention and microbial protein synthesis were similar among treatments. These results indicate that SPP can be included in diets for Southern indigenous cattle to supply up to 100% of supplemental corn when fed with PH without negative impact on animal performance and it was a good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for beef cattle production.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1998년도 21세기 한반도 농업전망과 대책(한국작물학회.한국육종학회 공동주관 심포지움 회보)
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• pp.249-265
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• 1998

The yearly consumption of soybean ranged from 1.5 to 1.7 million tons in Korea during 1995-1997 with an increasing trend of annual consumption by 60,000 tons. Gross consumption of soybean was 1.74 million tons in 1997: 1.292 million tons for feed, 0.433 million tons for food and its processing, and 15,000 tons for seed and other uses. Particularly, Korea totally depends upon imports of soybean for feed and oil. Only about $40{\%}$ of soybeans used for food and its processing are supplied through domestic production. Korean markets will be open to foreign agricultural products except for rice in 2004 when the Uruguay Round treaty is completed. According to the Korean Rural Economics Institutes reports, soybean consumption in 2004 is expected to be 1.87 million tons that is higher than that in 1997 by 0.13 million tons. In order to meet the need for soybean, Korean government planned to supply from 0.17 million tons of domestic production plus 1.7 million tons of imports, and also planned to raise the self-supply rate of $9.1{\%}$ in 2004 from $8.6{\%}$ in 1997. According to the USDA reports on international soybean production and consumption, its production is expected to be 150 million tons over the world and the international market prices for soybean will be unstable in 2004. Based on these reports, international soybean trade capacity will be 36 million tons in 2004 that is lower than 39 million tons (accounting for $25{\%}$ of gross production) in 1597. Also, a term-end stock in 2004 is estimated to be 9.6 million tons that is low as compared to 18.6 million tons In 1997, In coping with domestic and international soybean production, consumption and supply, and further possible food crisis, national policies and continuous efforts are necessarily required to promote domestic production and to reduce imports of soybean.