• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2016

The present study aimed to understand the effects of a ${\beta}$-glucan-added abalone feed (Immuneglu$^{TM}$) on the immune parameters, survival rate, and anti-bacterial activity of the abalone Nordotis discus hannai. During the study, spat and adult abalones were fed 0, 0.1, and 1% of Immuneglu$^{TM}$ mixed with artificial feed for 2 weeks, and their immune parameters, survival rate, and anti-bacterial activity were measured. The results showed that abalones fed on Immuneglu$^{TM}$-added feed showed a higher phagocytic rate, survival rate, and anti-bacterial activity against Vibrio alginolyticus, than those with the control treatment. In addition, the nitric oxide concentration, which indicates an inflammatory response, increased in the treatment group. Our study suggests that Immuneglu$^{TM}$ might be a useful additive for increasing the immunity and survival rates of abalones during mass culture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.673-680
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted with day-old 300 commercial male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres$^{(R)}$) to evaluate the efficacy of crude phytase preparerations produced from a culture of Aspergillus ficcum. The experiment consisted of five dietary treatments; T1, com-soy control diet with 0.45% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) for starter period and 0.35% NPP for grower period; T2, control - 0.1% NPP; T3, control 0.2% NPP; T4, T3+600 U of crude phytase (broth+cell); and T5, T3+600 U of crude phytase (broth). The body weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain of chickens fed T1 diet was highest (p<0.01) among treatments. BW gain and feed intake of T4 and T5 were greater than those of T3 but were less than those of T1 and T2. T3 was highest in mortality among treatments. Decreasing the NPP level lowered availability of DM, crude ash, ether extract, crude fiber, Zn, and Fe but supplementation of crude phytase preparations improved the availability of these nutrients as well as those of Ca, P and Cu. Excretion of P and Cu significantly decreased as the NPP level in the diet decreased. Further reduction of P and Cu excretion and reduction of Ca, Mg and Fe excretion were achieved by supplementation of crude phytase preparations. The serum concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Cu were significantly increased by crude phytase supplementation. The weight and length of tibia, and contents of crude ash, Ca, P, Mg, and Zn were adversely affected by lowering NPP level but partially recovered by supplementation of crude phytase preparations. In conclusion, lowering NPP level in the broiler diet significantly depressed the performance. Supplementation of crude phytase preparations produced from Aspergillus ficuum could partially recover the depression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1752-1757
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to assess the dietary effect of T-2 toxin on the antioxidant systems of the liver in growing quail and to comparatively evaluate the protective properties of two different mycotoxin-adsorbent additives, Mycosorb and zeolite, in preventing inhibition of the antioxidant system. Four groups of 4 day old quail were formed with 20 birds in each group. The birds were maintained on the floor for the course of the study. The three treatment diets consisted of the basal diet with T-2 toxin added in the form of Fusarium sporotrichioides culture (8.1 mg/kg feed), T-2 toxin (8.1 mg/kg) plus zeolite (30 g/kg feed), and T-2 toxin (8.1 mg/kg) plus Mycosorb (1 g/kg feed). After 30 days of feeding (34 days old) all birds were sacrificed and liver samples for biochemical analyses were collected from five quail in each of the four groups. Antioxidant concentrations were evaluated by HPLC-based methods. Inclusion of T-2 toxin in the quail diet was associated with a significant (p<0.05) decrease in concentrations of all forms of antioxidants studied, including ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherols, ascorbic acid, retinol and retinyl esters. At the same time, liver susceptibility to lipid peroxidation significantly (p<0.05) increased. Inclusion of zeolite in the quail diet at the level of 3% was ineffective in preventing antioxidant depletion in the liver by mycotoxicosis. In contrast, Mycosorb in the diet at a 0.1% level was able to significantly inhibit liver antioxidant depletion and as a result decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver. Concentrations of all forms of antioxidants studied were significantly higher in the livers of the quails fed the basal and T-2 toxin/Mycosorb combination in comparison to birds fed the basal with T-2 toxin alone.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 2009

Lactic acid bacteria was isolated for the production of probiotic animal feed supplemented with garlic and its antimicrobial properties were investigated. A total of 112 strains of lactic acid bacteria which grew on the medium containing garlic extract were isolated from kimchi, jeotgal, and jangachi. Among them 14 strains were tested for acidand bile salt-resistance as well as antimicrobial activities against animal pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella flexneri. Of these strains, a strain P'GW50-2 from pickled scallion with most desirable properties was selected and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum TJ-LP-002. Antimicrobial activity of L. plantarum TJ-LP-002 showed relatively wide range of inhibition spectrum against Gram negative bacteria such as Aeromicrobium hydrophila, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, and some Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Propionibacterium.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1367-1378
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• 2022

Objective: The present study was conducted to examine the gas production, fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradation, and methanogenic community composition of a rumen fluid culture with Broussonetia papyrifera (B. papyrifera) subjected to ensiling or steam explosion (SE) pretreatment. Methods: Fresh B. papyrifera was collected and pretreated by ensiling or SE, which was then fermented with ruminal fluids as ensiled B. papyrifera group, steam-exploded B. papyrifera group, and untreated B. papyrifera group. The gas and methane production, fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradation, and methanogenic community were determined during the fermentation. Results: Cumulative methane production was significantly improved with SE pretreatment compared with ensiled or untreated biomass accompanied with more volatile fatty acids production. After 72 h incubation, SE and ensiling pretreatments decreased the acid detergent fiber contents by 39.4% and 22.9%, and neutral detergent fiber contents by 10.6% and 47.2%, respectively. Changes of methanogenic diversity and abundance of methanogenic archaea corresponded to the variations in fermentation pattern and methane production. Conclusion: Compared with ensiling pretreatment, SE can be a promising technique for the efficient utilization of B. papyrifera, which would contribute to sustainable livestock production systems.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 2010

Shrimp farming is the most important mariculture industry on the west coast of South Korea. However, it has suffered from mass mortality due to viral disease outbreaks and coastal pollution due to water discharge. This study developed an intensive shrimp culture method for outdoor ponds, without water exchange, which minimizes the chance of viral transmission from the environment, reduces coastal pollution by water discharge and enhances shrimp production. A culture trial was conducted in two high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-lined ponds with a $550\;m^2$ surface area. The ponds were stocked with postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei, the major farmed shrimp species in Korea, on July 10, 2007, and cultured for 90 days with no water exchange. The stocking density of the postlarvae (B.W. 0.0015 g) was $272\;ind./m^2$, which is eight times higher than in traditional pond culture in Korea. At harvest, the total production of ponds 1 and 2 was 1,362kg ($2.48\;kg/m^2$) and 1,282 kg ($2.33\;kg/m^2$), respectively. This is 20~22 times higher than the mean farmed shrimp production ($0.112\;kg/m^2$) in Korea and about eight times higher than in traditional ponds with a good harvest. Although there was no water exchange throughout the culture period, the mean concentrations of unionized ammonia and nitrite-nitrogen were as low as 0.038 and 6.0 mg/L, respectively. The feed conversion rate (FCR) was 1.38, which is 20~45% lower than that of traditional pond cultures. The high efficiency of the diet in this study is thought to be due to a well-managed feeding strategy and well-developed bioflocs used as diet additions for the shrimp. The final body weight of the shrimp at harvest was low (12.2~12.5 g), compared with that of traditional pond culture. This may have resulted from the combination of a short culture period, high density of shrimp, and low temperature. This study suggests that a super-intensive shrimp pond culture method using biofloc technology with no water exchange can minimize viral transmission via water exchange, reduce coastal pollution, and enhance shrimp production.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1998

The results of experimental culture for Koran mitten crab, Eriocheir japonicus at different outdoor culture methods such as rice field, pond, and vinyl house from July 21, 1994 to October 23, 1995 were summaried as fellows. 1. The water temperature was 2${\circ}C$~32${\circ}C$ during the culture periods from July 21, 1994 to October 23, 1995, and it ranged from 15${\circ}C$ to 30${\circ}C$ during the terms showing the intake habit of feed with these temperature maintained for 281 days of 460days of the total cultur periods. 2. The gain weight of Korean mitten crabs was 1,711.3g at the rice field, and 1,565.4g at the pond, and 1.220.0g at the vinyl house. The survial rate was 22.7% at the pond, and 18.7% at the rice field, and 18.3% at the vinyl house with the average survial rate of 19.9%. The daily growth rate of cauapace width was 0.64% at the rice field, and 0.61% at the pond, and 0.59% at the vinyl house. And the gain weight and the daily growth rate were the best at the rice field. 3. When the culture was finished, the frequency of carapace width of 4.0~4.9cm was 57.1% at the rice field, and 33.3% at the vinyl house. Therefore, culture at the rice field for the cultur of mitten card was considered to be the best outdoor culture method from the point of view in the fast growth and polyculture feasibility with paddy rice.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 2014

Total spleen lymphocytes, lymphocyte proliferation, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in spleen lymphocyte culture were studied in malnourished Wistar rats fed with goat milk yoghurt. Malnourished rats were created by using standard feed restriction as much as 50% of normal rats for 21 d. Goat milk yoghurt containing three types of microorganism e.g., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Sterptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium longum derived from Lacto-B culture in powder form. After 21 d, the rats continued to receive restricted feeding and supplemented with goat milk yoghurt for 7 d. Total splenocytes were counted by hemocytometer. Splenocytes proliferation was expressed as stimulation index, whereas the TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 of spleen lymphocyte culture were measured by ELISA technique. The total number of splenocytes and stimulation index of splenocytes in moderate malnourished and normal rats supplemented with goat milk yoghurt was not significantly different. The level of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the rat supplemented with goat milk yoghurt was lower (p<0.05) than the control group, whereas the level of IL-10 in the rat supplemented with goat milk yoghurt was higher (p<0.05) than the control group. In conclusion, goat milk yoghurt supplementation in malnourished rats could decrease TNF-${\alpha}$ as a representation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, while it increases IL-10 as a representation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 1999

Production of extracellular polysaccharide by Monilinia fructigena in B-I medium containing cereals was higher than that in glucose medium. Productivities in B-I medium and glucose medium were 0.7g/l nd 0.2-03g/l respectively. The maximum content of polysaccharide occurred at the rising point from the lowest pH of culture. As the apparent viscosity of the polysaccharide solution increased, the flow Index (m) decreased, and the consistency Index (Kc) also increased. The polysaccharide solution was a typical pseudoplastic fluid. The mycelium was separated from the culture solution by $300\mu m$ mesh-filter and the polysaccharide was precipitated by adding 50% of ethanol (v/v). The amount of the polysaccharide removed from the filtrated solution was 0.45 g/l and the amount adhered to the mycelium was 0.25g/l. In experiments for investigating growth enhancement of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) by the polysaccharide, the dose of the polysaccharide was 1mg per 10,000 organisms of rotifer. Maximum specific growth rate of rotifer with feed consisting of sea Chlorella sp. and the polysaccharide was 1.095/day in the batch culture for 10 days. A semi-continuous culture was done for 30 days, the biomass of rotifer could be harvested twice. Maximum specific growth rate with sea Chlorella sp. and the polysaccharide was 0.734/day before the first harvest, and 1.685/day before the second harvest. Productivity was 38 $cells/ml\; \cdot\; day$ with sea Chlorella sp. and the polysaccharide.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.113-118
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate feeding of bacteria by Tigripus japonicus (Copepoda : Harpacticoida) under axenic culture. The ovigerous females and nauplii were grown with feed of aquatic bacteria. Growth of RT bacteria strain was suppressed by feeding of co-existing T. japonicus. T. japonicus of non-axenic culture was observed with oil bead in the egg sac. On the other hand, early nhauplius stage did not develop to the next stage without stage took bacteria as food. And the adult of T. japonicus may utilize the baxteria as nutrient source for egg development.