• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.239-247
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted with broilers to investigate the feasibility of microbial phytase replacing partial inorganic phosphorus supplementation and the synergistic effects of xylanase (320 FTU/kg) supplementation alone or in combination with phytase (750 U/kg) replacing 0.08% dietary inorganic phosphorus, on the growth performance and utilization of nutrients in broilers fed wheat-based diets. In Experiment 1, 540 broilers were fed five diets for 6 weeks. Diets C0 and C1 were corn-based diets and 0.08% inorganic P supplementation was replaced with 750 U phytase/kg feed in Diet C1. Diets W0, W1 and W2 were wheat-based diets supplemented with microbial phytase 0, 750, 750 U/kg feed and 0, 0.08% and 0.16% dietary inorganic P were replaced, respectively. In Experiment 2, 432 broilers were divided into four treatments to determine the synergistic effects of supplemental xylanase and phytase replacing 0.08% inorganic P. Four experimental diets were arranged according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. The results indicated that addition of phytase increased the digestibility of phytic P by 31.0 to 55%, dramatically decreased the excretion of phytic P and total P by 31.6 to 55.0% and 13.8 to 32.9%, respectively (p<0.01). It is feasible to completely replace 0.08% inorganic phosphorus supplementation with microbial phytase 750 U/kg in corn- or wheat-based diets for broilers. Addition of xylanase alone or in combination with phytase replacing 0.08% dietary inorganic P, increased body weight gain and feed utilization efficiency of broilers fed wheat-based diets (p<0.10) and decreased overall mortality (p<0.10). In the groups of birds supplementing xylanase 320 FTU/kg feed, a marked elevation of the dietary AME was observed (p<0.05). Addition of phytase replacing 0.08% dietary inorganic phosphorus, concurrently with xylanase supplementation had additive effects on the apparent digestibility of dietary phytic P and overall feed conversion ratio (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.245-253
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• 2020

Objective: To develop the fermentation quality and chemical composition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Lam.) silage, plants were inoculated with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains at field 24 hours before harvest. Methods: The treatment groups were as follow: silage without additive as a control and inoculated with each strains of Lactobacillus brevis (LS-55-2-2), Leuconostoc citerum (L. citerum; L-70-6-1), Lactobacillus bifermentans (L. bifermentans; LS-65-2-1), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum; LS-3-3) and L. plantarum (LS-72-2). All the silages were stored at 25℃. Parameters such as pH, microorganism and volatile fatty acid contents, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net gas, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, dry matter intake and relative feed value were measured to determine fermentation quality, chemical compositions and relative feed value of alfalfa silages. Results: Significant differences were found among the control and treated groups in terms of pH and microorganism contents at all opening times and crude protein, net gas, metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility of final silage. The pH values ranged from 4.70 to 5.52 for all treatments and control silage had the highest value of overall treatments at T₇₅d silages. Volatile fatty acid of silages was not influenced significantly by inoculations. However, lactic acid content of L. bifermentans (LS-65-2-1) was higher than the other treatments. The highest metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility were recorded from L. citerum (L-70-6-1) inoculation. In addition, no significant differences were found among treatments in terms of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter intake and relative feed value. Conclusion: Among the treated LAB isolates, L. bifermentans came into prominence especially in terms of organic acid composition and quality characters of silages.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.253-259
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different additives on the growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in Holstein steers during 18month fattening periods. Twenty four Holstein steers, 5months of age and 176.6kg, were randomly allocated to 3 experimental groups 8 animals each for 18-months feeding trial. The groups were control (not additive), T1 (fed zinc, Vitamin C) and T2 (fed zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6 and Selenium). According to feeding additives, final weight was not significantly different among the treatment groups, tended to be high at T2 group (827kg) compared to the other groups. Average daily gain was not different among the treatment groups during the experimental periods, but T2 group was significantly greater than T1 group in growing stage (p<0.05). The feed additives had no effects on DMI during experimental periods. Feed conversion ratio of T1 group in growing stage was significantly higher than those of other groups (p<0.05), average feed conversion ratio was tend to be decreased at T2 group rather compared with other groups. In the results of yield traits, carcass weight were relatively higher in T2 group than other groups (p<0.05). Rib-eye area, back fat thickness and yield index were similar between groups. In quality traits, marbling, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were not significantly different among the groups. In economic efficiency, income was highest at T2 group as 91~393 thousand won among 3 groups.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.442-451
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the reduction methods for ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) exposure in livestock. Methods: By reviewing domestic and international research reports from Korea and China, reducing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in livestock pens was analyzed in terms of ventilation, deodorant, and feed additives. In addition, exposure limits in Korea and China were examined through a comparison between 'TLV-TWA and STEL under the Industrial Safety and Health Act in Korea' and 'Management Standards for Air of Livestock Pens in China'. Results and Discussion: In order to effectively control hazardous gases and odors in livestock pens, the enhancement of natural ventilation or the addition of ventilation fans at the pollution source are being examined. Deodorants are used as adsorbents or masking deodorants. Additives to feed were zeolite powder, FeSO₄·7H₂O, enzymes, and microbial preparations. Use of feed additives was low-cost and had significant effects compared to other methods. Zeolite was the most commonly used in feed additive in Chinese cases and proved to be low-cost and effective for reducing harmful gases. Enzyme preparations were shown to stimulate the growth of livestock, but were expensive. Conclusions: This study reviewed and examined domestic and international research papers in Korea and China for reducing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in livestock pens. More diverse research and the development of feed additives are needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1301-1307
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility (ATTD and STTD) of phosphorus (P) in corn, soybean meal (SBM), and canola meal (CM), and additivity of values for ATTD and STTD of P in corn, SBM, and CM in diets fed to growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing barrows (initial body weight of $21.6{\pm}1.7kg$) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to a completely randomized design with 6 diets and 6 pigs per diet. Six diets were formulated using corn, SBM or CM as the sole source of P, or corn and SBM, or corn and CM, or corn, SBM, and CM as the P source in each diet, respectively. Fecal samples were collected for 5 d following a 7 d adaptation period to the diets. Results: Values for ATTD and STTD of P in corn, SBM, and CM in growing pigs were 33.12% and 37.76%, 50.19% and 56.62%, 34.93% and 39.45%, respectively. The ATTD and STTD of P in SBM were greater (p<0.05) than those in corn and CM. However, there were no differences in the ATTD or STTD of P between corn and CM. The determined STTD of P in the mixture of corn and SBM, corn and CM, and corn, SBM, and CM is not different from the calculated STTD values. Conclusion: Values for STTD of P in corn, SBM, and CM are additive in their mixture fed to growing pigs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1408-1417
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• 2024

Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with lysolecithins (LPC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, immunity, and liver health in broiler chickens. Methods: A cohort of 240 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers of comparable weight was divided into four treatment groups, each comprising six replicates of 10 birds. The groups were defined as follows: positive control with recommended metabolizable energy (PC+ME), negative control with 90 kcal/kg reduced ME (NC+ME), PC supplemented with 300 mg/kg LPC (PC+LPC), and NC supplemented with 300 mg/kg LPC (NC+LPC). Results: LPC supplementation led to a statistically significant reduction in the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.05) and a decrease in the proportion of abdominal fat and the liver (p<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter was also enhanced (p<0.05). Malondialdehyde concentrations in the liver were significantly reduced by LPC (p<0.01), with a noteworthy interaction between energy levels and LPC affecting this reduction (p<0.05). Serum levels of interleukin-6 were reduced on day 21, and both endotoxin and interleukin-6 levels were lower on day 42. Notably, a significant interaction was observed between the energy levels and LPC on relative liver weight and endotoxin concentrations in the serum (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that LPC positively affects growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and antioxidative capacity in broiler chickens, affirming its value as a beneficial feed additive in poultry nutrition.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.981-998
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• 2024

This study was to investigate effects of different phytogenic feed additives (PFA) in grower finishing pigs with stressed by high stocking density. A total of 84 growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with initial body weight (BW) of 28.23 ± 0.21 kg were used for 10 weeks (4 replicate pens with 3 pigs per pen). The dietary treatment consisted of basal diets in animal welfare density (positive control [PC]), basal diet in high stocking density (negative control [NC]), NC + 0.04% bitter citrus extract (PT1), NC + 0.01% microencapsulated blend of thymol & carvacrol (PT2), NC + 0.10% mixture of 40% bitter citrus extract and 10% microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol (PT3), NC + 0.04% premixture of grape seed and grape marc extract, green tea and hops (PT4), and NC + 0.10% fenugreek seed powder (PT5). The reduction of space allowance significantly decreased (p < 0.05) growth performance (average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency) and nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein). Also, the fecal score of NC group increased (p < 0.05) compared with other groups. In blood profiles, lymphocyte decreased (p < 0.05), and neutrophil, cortisol, TNF- α increased (p < 0.05) when pigs were in high stocking density. Basic behaviors (feed intake, standing, lying) were inactive (p < 0.05) and singularity behavior (biting) were increased (p < 0.05) under high stocking density. However, PFA groups alleviated the negative effects such as reducing growth performance, nutrient digestibility, increasing stress indicators in blood and animal behavior. In conclusion, PFA groups improved the health of pigs with stressed by high stocking density and PT3 is the most effective.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2007

This study was carried out to develope an antibiotic substitute with some feed additive ingredients; activated charcoal, microbial products(Saccharomyces cerevisiae), sodium bentonite and pyroligneous. Sixty Holstein male calves(control 30 and tested 30 calves) were assigned to one of two diets, control(containing commercial antibiotic) and treatment diet (containing antibiotic substitute) with three replicates(10 calves each). The experiment were carried out for 30 days. The daily weight gains were similar between control(1.01kg/d) and treatment groups(1.01kg/d), however feed requirement were lower for treatment calves (2.80kg) than control calves (3.24kg) (P<0.05). Also calves were more health for treatment calves than control calves for diarrhea and respiratory diseases occurrences. The ammonia concentration of feces were lower for treatment calves(2.67 ppm) than for control calves(6.33 ppm) (P<0.05). No statistical difference were found in blood substances between control and treatment calves(P>0.05). In conclusion, the calve performances were improved by substitute without commercial antibiotic additive.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.312-320
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• 2021

In this study, we aimed to develop a feed additive that can promote the growth of stone flounder (Kareius bicoloratus). To this end, we fermented mealworm medium (5%, w/v) with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with antibacterial function (HeTm_LpWpPa) and evaluated its efficacy as a feed additive. Fish (approximately 5-6 g) were reared in six completely recirculating tanks (100 fish/tank) for 6 weeks. The total length of fish with and without HeTm_LpWpPa supplementation was 8.26 and 8.42 cm and body weight was 19.71 and 20.28 g, respectively, at 6 weeks. The weight gain of the control and experimental groups was 223.26 % and 248.76 %, respectively. The specific growth rate at 6 weeks was 2.79 % (control) and 2.98% (experimental), and the growth rate of the experimental group was slightly higher (0.19 %) than that of the control group. At the end of the experiment (i.e. 6 weeks), the number of fish below the mean weight in the experimental group was 3 (1 %) and that in the control group was 17 (5.7 %). These results indicate that feed supplementation of 10 % HeTm_LpWpPa could be utilized to promote the growth of flounder in farming.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.535-549
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• 2023

This study was to investigate the effects of different phytogenic feed additives (PFA) dosage levels in growing- finishing pigs stressed by high stocking density. A total of 72 mix sexed 12 weeks growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with initial body weight (BW) of 49.28 ± 4.58 kg were used for 8 weeks. There were 3 replicate pens in each treatment group, with 3 pigs per pen. The dietary treatment groups consisted of basal diets in animal welfare density (negative control [NC]), basal diet in high stocking density (positive control [PC]), PC + 0.04% essential oil (ES1), PC + 0.08% essential oil (ES2), PC + 0.10% bitter citrus extract & essential oil (CES1), PC + 0.20% bitter citrus extract & essential oil (CES2), PC + 0.05% grape pomace extract (GP1), PC + 0.10% grape pomace extract (GP2). The reduction of space allowance decreased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy. Also, the fecal score of PC groups increased (p < 0.05) compared with other groups. Basic behaviors (feed intake, standing, lying) were inactive (p < 0.05) and singularity behavior (biting) was increased (p < 0.10) under high stocking density. There was no difference in blood profile. However, the supplementation of PFA alleviated the negative effects such as reduced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and some increasing stress indicators in th blood (cortisol) and animal behavior (biting). In conclusion, the negative effect of high stocking density was most effectively mitigated by the normal dosage of the mixture of bitter citrus extract and essential oil additive (CES1).