• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 1999

This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was $2.07\pm{1.05(0.63~5.65)}\mu{g}$/ml. The zinc content was $2.43\pm{1.14(0.70~5.30)}\mu{/ml.}$ Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was $1.6\pm{0.7mg/}$day and $8.4\pm{2.3mg}$/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was $1.9\pm{0.9mg/}$day and formula-fed infants' was $2.7\pm{0.7mg/}$day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.230-233
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• 1996

The purposes of this study was to investigate selenium content of human milk and selenium intake of breast-fed infants at each period of lactation longitudinally. The human milk intake in breast-fed infants was measured by test weighing method from 20 lactating mothers at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. Selenium content in the milks was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation after wet digestion of samples. Selenium intake in breast-fed infants was calculated by multiplying human milk intakes by selenium contents. The milk intakes were 640, 726 and 715g/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. The selenium contents in human milk were characterized by a pattern of slight decline with advancing stage of lactation;13.1, 11.5 and 9.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L at 1,2 and 3 months during lactation. There was a large individual variation at any stage of this study. The mean dietary selenium intakes in breast-fed infants were 8.38, 8.32 and 6.97$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. The mean daily intakes on a body weight basis were gradually decreased during the course of lactation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1031-1040
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding milk replacer (MR) with varying levels of lactose and the increased supply of total solids (from 750 to 960 g/d) on performance, blood metabolites, and health of Holstein male calves during the preweaning period. Methods: Forty newborn Holstein calves (10 per treatment) were blocked according to birth weight and date of birth and distributed in a randomized block design to different liquid diets: Whole milk powder (WMP) diluted to 125 g/L solids; MR with 48% lactose (48L), diluted to 125 g/L solids; MR with 53% lactose (53L), diluted to 125 g/L solids; 53L MR corrected to 160 g/L solids (16TS) by the inclusion of a solid corrector. Calves were individually housed in wood hutches, fed 6 L/d of the liquid diet, and had free water and starter concentrate access. The study lasted 56 days. Results: Liquid diet intake was higher for calves fed 16TS than for other treatments. Calves fed 16TS presented higher protein and fat intake, followed by those fed WMP and the 48L or 53L MRs. Lactose intake was higher for 16TS-fed calves, followed by 53L, 48L, and WMP-fed calves. Starter and total dry matter intake did not differ among liquid diets. The average daily gain was higher for 16TS than 48L-fed calves, with the other treatments being intermediary. The lowest feed efficiency was observed for calves fed 48L. No effects on health were observed, as well as on selected blood metabolites, except for albumin concentration, which was higher for calves fed 16TS and WMP. Conclusion: Higher total solids content (160 g/L) in MR increases nutrient intake and consequently improves the performance of dairy calves. Feeding MRs with levels of lactose up to 53% of the DM had no deleterious effect on the performance or health of the calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1395-1399
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary fat inclusion on nutrient intake, body weight, milk production, return to estrus, pregnancy and lambing of winter-lambing, postpartum Awassi ewes. Thirty multiparous, winter-lambing Awassi ewes (body weight=51${\pm}$7.0 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (n=10) for 62 days using a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were isonitrogenous, and were formulated to contain 0 (CON), 2.5 (MF), and 5% (HF) added fat, and 33% of the dietary crude protein (CP) as undegradable intake protein (UIP). On day 26 postpartum (day 0=parturition), ewes and their lambs were housed in individual pens for 28 days. Feed offered and refused was recorded daily. At the end of this period, ewes and their lambs within each treatment were combined into one group and fed their respective diet ad libitum. One fertile Awassi ram fitted with a marking harness was allowed with each group for 34 days. No significant (p>0.05) differences in dry matter intake, organic matter intake, and crude protein intake were observed for ewes fed the three experimental diets. No difference was observed in metabolizable energy intake (MEI) for ewes fed the CON and the MF diets (average 8.3 Mcal/d) diet. However, ewes fed the HF diet had greater(p<0.05) MEI compared with the rest of the treatments. Ewe body weights increased throughout the study, unaffected by the experimental diets. No significant differences in milk production were found among ewes fed the three experimental diets. No significant differences were observed in pregnancy rate (6/10, 5/10, 6/10 for CON, MF and HF diets, respectively), lambing rate and the number of lambs per ewe among the three treatments. postpartum reproductive performance of well-fed, winter-lambing Awassi ewes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.506-511
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• 1997

In order to investigate the body weight change and human milk intake of breast-fed infants, we examined thirty-three infants with test-weing method in Sokcho area during the first 5 months of lactation. The average birth weight of infants was 3300g. They grew 3300, 3805, 4676, 5878, 6786, 7403, and 8111g when they became 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months old. The is human milk intake was 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 796g/day during the lactatin. Human milk intake of boys was significantly higher than that of girls at 1(p<0.05), 2(p<0.01), and 3(p<0.01) months of lactation. During lactatin, the number of feedings per day decrerased. The human milk intakes per feeding had increased from 54.4g at 0.5 months to 98.9g at 5 months of lactation The human milk intake on infants was not affected by gestational period and birth weight. From this survey, we found a difference between boys and girls in human milk intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.756-766
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to examine the growth pattern and hair trace element contents of healthy infants who were fed breast milk(BF infant) and formula (FF infant) during the first 6 months and its relationship to intake of trace elements. Bimonthyl anthropometric measurements were obtained on 32 infants through 6 months of age. Mean calculated energy, iron, zinc and copper intake from breast milk at 2 months of age were 432.4kcal/d, 0.19mg/d, 1.18mg/d and 0.22mg/d. The values obtained from formular were543.7kcal/d, 6.68mg/d , 2.82mg/d and 0.33mg/d , respectively. In spite of the significantly lower intake of energy and trace elements in BF infants than in FF infants, BF infants showed growth above the average Kroean infant standard growth rate and showed no significant growth rate difference or hair trace element content. Hair iron content in the BF infants at 6 mo. of age was positively related to birth weight and iron intake at 2 mo. of age. In contrast, hair zinc and copper content in the FF infants at 6 mo. of age as negatively related to height increment and weight increment during 6 months, respectively. These results support the suggesting that BF infant's higher iron, zinc and copper intake is attributed to the superior bioabailability of these trace elements from breast milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1713-1720
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• 2007

Influence of -110, +110, +220 and +330 mEq/kg of dry matter (DM) dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on growth performance of Thalli lambs were examined in a randomized complete block design. Four DCAD diets were randomly allotted to four groups, with ten lambs in each group. A linear increase in nutrient intake was recorded with increasing DCAD level. The digestibilities of nutrients were higher in lambs fed -110 DCAD diet than those fed +110, +220 and +330 DCAD diets. Lambs fed +330 DCAD diet had higher nitrogen balance than those fed -110 and +110 DCAD diets. Blood pH and serum $HCO_3$ increased with increasing DCAD level. Serum chloride was higher in lambs fed -110 DCAD diet, while serum (Na+K)-(Cl+S) increased linearly with increasing DCAD level. Serum calcium increased with decreasing DCAD level while serum magnesium and phosphorus remained unaffected. Lambs fed -110 DCAD diet had higher Ca balance than those fed +110, +220 and +330 DCAD diets. Urine pH increased with increasing DCAD level. Lambs fed +220 and +330 DCAD diets gained more weight than those fed -110 and +110 DCAD diets. In conclusion, increased DCAD level not only increased the dry matter intake but also improved the weight gain of growing Thalli lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted in Vietnam to test the hypothesis that supplementation with cassava powder up to 2% of live weight (LW)/d (DM basis) would linearly increase digestible organic matter intake and LW gain of Laisind cattle. There were five treatments: a basal diet of elephant grass fed at 1.25% of LW and rice straw fed ad libitum or this diet supplemented with cassava powder, containing 2% urea, at about 0.3, 0.7, 1.3 or 2.0% LW. The cattle fed cassava powder at about 2.0% LW did not consume all of the supplement, with actual intake similar to the 1.3% LW treatment. Organic matter, digestible organic matter and digestible energy intakes increased (p<0.001) curvilinearly with increased consumption of cassava powder. Rice straw intake declined curvilinearly with increasing intake of cassava powder (p<0.001), and there was a small linear decline (p = 0.01) in grass intake. The substitution rate of cassava powder for forage was between 0.5 and 0.7 kg DM reduction in forage intake per kg DM supplement consumed, with no difference between treatments. Apparent digestibility of organic matter increased (p<0.001) in a curvilinear manner, while digestibility of neutral detergent fibre declined (p<0.001) in a curvilinear manner with increased consumption of cassava powder. Live weight gain increased (p<0.01) linearly with increased consumption of supplement. It was concluded that the amount of cassava powder fed should be limited to between 0.7 and 1.0% LW.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.743-748
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• 2003

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty-seven Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 6 months of lactation in Cheongju and Anseong areas were participated. Retinol and $\beta$-carotene contents in the milk were determined using HPLC and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing methods. Vitamin A (retinol and $\beta$-carotene) contents of the milk were 65.7, 57.2, 48.1, 43.9, 38.2, 38.7 and 44.0 R.E./100 ml, and vitamin A intakes of the breast-fed infants were 361, 402, 348, 331, 304, 305 and 322 R.E./day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month of lactation, respectively. The average intake of vitamin A was 339.1 R.E./day and the percentage to RDA was 96.9% during 6 months. Vitamin A intakes per body weight of the breast-fed infants were 96.7, 88.3, 62.1, 50.0, 41.8, 39.3 and 39.6 R.E./kg/day at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month. The body weight increased normally from 3.4 $\pm$ 0.5 kg at birth during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Cheongju and Anseong areas consumed adequately vitamin A from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.371-375
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to evaluate the mottgrass alone and in combination with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) at different intake levels to determine the lag time, rate and extent of digestion of DM and NDF of mottgrass. Four ruminally cannulated buffalo calves were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design with $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The two factors were forage intake levels (ad libitum versus restricted) and forage source (mottgrass versus mottgrass plus 25% berseem). Four dietary treatment consisted of 1) ad libitum mottgrass, 2) restricted feeding of mottgrass, 3) ad libitum mottgrass plus berseem with a ratio of 3:1 and 4) restricted mottgrass plus berseem in a ratio of 3:1 Calves fed ad libitum mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem consumed 25% more DM and 15 % more NDF than those fed mottgrass only. The in situ DM digestibility, the lag time and extent of digestion were not affected by intake level. However, rate of disappearance was greater in restricted fed animals than those fed ad libitum. This increased rate could be due to greater concentration of fibrolytic bacteria in restrict fed animals. The DM digestibility was greater (64.1%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass only (57.7%). The reduced mottgrass DM digestion may be due to its higher NDF contents. The NDF digestibility, the lag and extent of NDF digestion were not affected by varying intake levels. However, rate of digestion of NDF was higher in restricted fed animals than those of ad libitum fed animals. The NDF digestibility was greater (58.4%) in calves fed mottgrass supplemented with 25% berseem than those fed mottgrass (48.7%) only.