• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2010

Indicator bacteria of fecal pollution were enumerated and compared by various detection methods for influent and final effluent of a sewage treatment plant. Total coliforms were enumerated by four methods including most probable numbers, chromogenic enzyme substrate test, membrane filtration, and plate counts and were about $10^4$ for influent and $10^2{\sim}10^3\;CFU/ml$ for final effluent. Fecal coliforms ranged between $10^3$ and $10^4$ for influent and $10^2\;CFU/ml$ for effluent by chromogenic enzyme substrate test and membrane filtration. Fecal streptococci counts were 1-log less than fecal coliforms counts, $10^2{\sim}10^3$ for influent and $10^1\;CFU/ml$ for effluent. Total coliforms numbers by plate count both in influent and in effluent showed 1-log higher than by the other three methods. Statistical analysis revealed that numbers of total coliforms by plate count in final effluent had the highest average of correlation (r=0.778, p<0.01) compared with those by the other three methods. In addition, total coliforms numbers by plate count showed most significant correlation (r=0.835, p<0.01) with those by chromogenic test which is well-known as its highest recovery efficiency. These results suggest that the plate count would be the optimum detection method for total coliforms in wastewater treatment plants which are the only microbiological standard of final effluent from wastewater treatment plants in the Republic of Korea, considering economic aspects and difficulties in laboratories.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.80-87
• /
• 1998

Intestinal microflora in 17 breast-fed(BF) and 14 formula-fed (FF) newborn infants at about 1 week after birth were investigated to determine the floral differences of the two lactation groups. The fecal conditions were significantly different between the two groups in that the number of subjects who showed watery feces, and the times of defecation per day, were higher in the BF group. In addition, the mean fecal PH of the BF group was lower than that of the FF group. The dominant species in the BF groups which showed the highest count among the species of microflora was bifidobacteria , while the dominant species in the FF group was streptococci. The frequency of staphylococci and the count of bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the BF group. However, the frquencies of streptococci and Peptococcaceae were higher in the FF group. Through the differences were not significant, the frequency of bvifidobacteria and the count of staphylococci were higher in BF group, whereas the frequencies of bacteriodes, clostridia, enterobacter and the count of clostridia were higher in FF group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.697-703
• /
• 2018

In 2017, total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC) and fecal Streptococci (FS) bacteria were examined in seawater samples collected at coastal sites on Jeju Island (Aewol as a control, Namwon, and Daejeong) and at Pohang (Yeongil as a control, Guryongpo-North, and Guryongpo-South) to examine the correlations between the density of fish farms and distributions of the indicator bacteria. Only a few TC, FC, and FS colonies were detected in all of the samples obtained from Jeju Island. Of note, 2,000 and 1,000 CFU of FS $100mL^{-1}$ were detected in samples from Guryongpo-South in June and August, respectively. Although the total area of approved fish farms located within 5 km of the sampling point at Guryongpo-South is 5-16 times smaller than in other regions, the number of indicator bacteria was highest in this region. Therefore, microbiological pollution in the Guryongpo-South region might be due to sources other than the effluent released from nearby fish farms.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.189-196
• /
• 2002

The direct detection of intestinal pathogens and viruses often requires costly, tedious, and time-consuming procedures. These requirements developed a test to show that the water was contaminated with sewage-borne pathogens by assessing the hygienic quality of water based on indicator microorganisms whose presence indicates that pathogenic microorganisms may also be present. Various groups of microorganisms have been suggested and used as indicator microorganisms. Proposed and commonly used microbial indicators are total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, heterotrophic plate count, bacteriophage, and so on. Unfortunately, most, if not all, of these indicators are not ideal because of the sensitivity and resistance to environment stresses and disinfection. However, the development of gene probes and PCR technology may give hope for the discovery of rapid and simple methods toy detecting small number of fecal pathogens in various environments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.2
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different feeding levels on the number of fecal lactic acid-producing bacteria and fecal pH in horses. In Exp. 1, 6 female cross-bred horses ($332.4{\pm}50.4\;kg$, 5 year old) were fed 2% hay or 2% concentrates of BW for 30 d, and the number of fecal Lactobacilli and Streptococci was measured. For Exp. 2, 5 castrated Thoroughbred ($474.5{\pm}64.6kg$, 4 year old) and 5 female cross-bred horses ($343.6{\pm}56.3\;kg$, 5 year old) were allotted to high- or low-concentrates diets (5 levels) for 30 d in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design, and the fecal pH was assessed. In Exp. 3, 3 castrated Thoroughbred ($482.6{\pm}53.3\;kg$, 4 year old) were fed high- or low-alfalfa hay diets (3 levels) for 30 d in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design, and the fecal pH was measured. Feeding high-concentrates diets increased (P<0.05) the number of fecal lactic acid-producing bacteria (Lactobacilli and Streptococci) and decreased (P<0.01) the fecal pH. Feeding alfalfa hay with high-concentrates diet (2% alfalfa hay + 1% concentrates of BW) decreased (P<0.01) the fecal pH. These results showed that feeding high-concentrates diets increased lactic acid-producing bacteria in the large intestine and decreased the intestinal or fecal pH causing colic or laminitis, indicating that the proper fiber/concentrates (1:1) should be maintained in horses.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.3 no.1 s.4
• /
• pp.27-39
• /
• 1988

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the removal effect of biological contaminants for the municipal sewage treatment process at Cheonggye Cheon terminal plant which in the first plant for municipal sewage treatment in Seoul area. It was conducted in raw influent, primary treatment water and secondary treatment water from September, 1986 to July, 1987. The results were as follow; 1, The primary treatment could eliminate microbials for $65.38\%$ of total bacteria, $64.35\%$ of total coliform, $62.16\%$ of fecal coliform $69.48\%$ of pseudomonas and $64.70\%$ of fecal streptococci in averages for a year respectively. 2. The secondary treatment could eliminate microbials for $97.50\%$ of total bacteria, $97.30\%$of total coliform, $95.95\%$ of fecal coliform, $97.00\%$ of pseudomonas and $96.53\%$ of fecal streptococci in average for a year respectively. 3. In the detect rate of pathogenic agent, salmonella spp was decreased $12.5\%$ to $4.2\%$ in primary treatment and it was not detected in secondary treatment, shigella spp was detected $4.2\%$ in influent water but it was not detected in primary and secondary treatment. 4. In the seasonal variation of treatment effect, the removal of summer was the highest, and the removal of all item in winter was lower than the other seasons. 5. There was significant correlation between water temperature and microbal all items (P<0.05) $NH_3-N$ and Microbal items (P< 0.01) at raw water.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.175-176
• /
• 1974

The purpose of this study was to survey bacteria which was known as a fecal bacteria living in the human and animal gastro and intestinal tract. The colony density of the fecal coliform and fecal streptococci was 280 and 130 in 100ml sample amounts reapectively. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is usually exist in swimming pool and was known as indicator of the pool water contamination was detected.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2003

Coliforms is currently being used as the standard of environmental water qualify to evaluate the level of source water quality especially condition of fecal contamination. However, not properly applied to water quality management. So in this study, in addition to Coliforms, fecal contamination indicator bacteria turk at Feral Coliforms(FC), E. coli, Fecal streptococci(FS), Clostridium and environmental parameters related with it's distribution were investigated on a monthly basis in 6 water intakes of Han River. The mean of BOD, DO, SS and pH, benchmarks of source water management were maintained the second grade of environmental water quality standard applied to Han River but Coliforms exceeded it. Distribution of Coliforms ranged from 1.0×10¹ to 2.7 10/sup 5/ CFU/ml, FC ranged from ND to 5.3×10¹ CFU/ml, E. coli ranged from ND to 9.2×10¹ CFU/ml, FS ranged from ND to 2.5×10¹CFU/ml, they were steepy rise on July and August in common when rainfalls was heavy and water temperature was high, but Clostridium perfringens ranged from 1.7×10¹to 1.7×10¹CFU/ml not fluctuate by month. Statistical analysis of sampling data showed that most significant correlations occurred among FC and Coliforms(r = 0.840), E. coli(r = 0.792), FS(r = 0.687) and environmental parameters(temperature, turbidity, SS, rotor were all r > 0.60) while no significant correlation was observed between ammonia generally recognized fecal contamination indicator and bacteria. Identification of the coliforms showed that Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter were comprised of 32%, 24%, 16% respectively, and E. coli were 7% of it. while E. coli was made up 85.9% of FC. The mean value of FC/Coliforms ratio, 5.2(0.1-42) were higher in Amsa, Guui than Jayang. Fecal coliforms, as those are able to reflect more particularly the extent of the fecal contamination, were considered useful in deciding the level of water treatment while monitoring the fecal contamination from the source of water supply. Therefore, it is expected that the water quality is going to be managed more efficiently by using fecal coliforms supplementarily to total coliforms which are current standard item of water-quality environment.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.1075-1081
• /
• 2006

In this research, mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point sources and diffuse sources in urban area were measured. Water samples were taken at domestic sewer, combined sewer overflow, effluent from a wastewater treatment plant, urban river, and sediment of an urban river. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewer estimated by assuming the first order kinetics at $20^{\circ}C$ were as follows: total coliform = 0.092/day, fecal coliform = 0.185/day, E. coli = 0.252/day, and fecal streptococci = 0.281/day. Sensitivity of mortality rates of total coliform on temperature was estimated as $K_{temp}=K_{20}{\times}1.162^{(temp-20)}$ for the range of $10-20^{\circ}C$. Mortality rates due to sunlight were measured as 1.22-1.59/day while mortality rate due to settling for 40 min were estimated as $9.21{\times}10^3-20.0{\times}10^3/day$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.627-635
• /
• 2006

Combined sewer overflow (CSOs) is a primary diffuse source degrading water quality of urban streams. In this study, CSOs caused by 5 different rainfall events at an urban watershed located in Daejeon city were monitored for the indicator microorganism concentrations. Event mean concentration (EMC) of the indicator microorganisms were: total coliform = $2.46{\times}10^6CFU/100mL$; fecal coliform = $1.01{\times}10^6CFU/100mL$; E.coli = $5.20{\times}10^5CFU/100mL$; and Fecal Streptococci = $6.08{\times}10^5CFU/100mL$. In addition, coliform concentrations were well correlated with suspended solid concentrations and the first flush effects were identified. Settling tests were carried out to estimate removal rate of indicator organisms by sedimentation from CSOs. As microorganisms are discharged in association with suspended solid, ten minutes of settlement can lower 44% of indicator microorganism leading.