• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1395-1408
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• 2014

In this research, a River Recreation Index Model (RRIM) was developed to provide sufficient information on the water quality of rivers to the public in order to secure safety of publics. River Recreation Index (RRI) is an integrated water quality information for recreation activities in rivers and expressed as the point from 0 to 100. The proposed RRIM consisted of two sub models: Fecal Coliform Model (FCM) and Water Quality Index Model (WQIM). FCM predicted Fecal Coliform Grade (FCG) using a logistic regression and WQIM synthesized water quality parameters of, DO, pH, turbidity and chlorophyll a into Water Quality Index (WQI). FCG and WQI were integrated into RRI by the integrating algorithm. The proposed model was applied to upstream of Gangjeong Weir in Nakdong River, and compared with Real Time Water Quality Index (RTWQI) which is the existing water quality information system for recreation use. The results show that calculated RRI reflected change of integrated water quality parameters well. Especially chlorophyll a showed Pearson correlation coefficient -0.85 with RRI. Also, RRIM produced more conservative index than RTWQI because RRI was calculated considering uncertainty of water quality criteria. Further, RRI showed especially low values when fecal coliform was predicted as low grade.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.359-364
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• 2005

The distributions of sanitary indicative bacteria and pathogenic bacteria in seawater and four species of farmed fishes, including oliver flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), black rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli), red sea bream (Pagrus major) and sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), collected at fish farms located in the southern coastal area of Korea were investigated from May to October in 2004. The detection rates of fecal coliform and Entirococcus spp. of sanitary indicative bacteria in all samples were $38.9\%$ and $23.8\%$, respectively. The occurrence of fecal coliform was highest of $58.3\%$ in Busan, Geoje and Wando area, followed Yeosu $33.3\%$, Jeju $12.5\%$, Tongyeong $11.1\%$. The occurrence of Enterococcus spp. was highest In Wando area ($45.8\%$), followed by Yeosu ($33.3\%$), Tongyeong ($22.2\%$), Busan ($16.7\%$), Geoje and Jeju ($12.5\%$). The detection rate of fecal coliform was higher than that of Enterococcus spp., except in the Tongyeong area. There was no difference in the detection rate of fecal coliform from May to October, but the detection rate of Enterococcus spp. increased with seasonal warming seawater temperature. Among the pathogenic bacteria, the detection rate of Vibrio alginolyticus ($49.2\%$) in all samples was highest, followed by V. parahaemolyticus ($36.5\%$), Staphylococcus aureus ($6.3\%$), Salmonella sp. ($2.4\%$). However, V cholerae, V. vulnificus and Shigella sp. were not detected in all tested samples. The detection rates of V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus increased with seasonal warming seawater temperature from May to August.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.40-52
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• 2001

Using a biochemical indicator, the effects of fecal pollution in the estuary of the Nakdong river and in the Chinhae Hay were investigated from summer to winter in 1997-1998. The biochemical indicator used in this study was coprostanol (5-cholestan-3-ol) which is a kind of fecal sterol. It is a useful tracer of fecal pollution, as it is only found in feces of mammals including humans. Coprostanol was less affected by surrounding environments than other indicators of fecal pollution such as fecal coliform or ammonium and was proved to be a good indicator of fecal pollution. Therefore, long-term observations of coprostanol and related compounds could be used as useful indicators for the effects of feces on marine environments and ecosystems.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1983

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of ground water in Pusan area(see Fig. 1). One hundred and thirty two water samples were collected from the 11 stations from October 1981 to Sept ember 1982. To evaluate the sanitary quality, coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and composition of coliform group by IMViC reaction were observed. The median value of coliform group MPN of the samples were 59/100 ml in Udong and Daesindong, 68/100 ml in Suyeong, Yeonsandong and Sungjigog, 43/100 ml in Jenpodong and Mangmidong, 33/100 ml in Yeongdo and Dongrae, and 13.3/100 ml in Gammandong. Geometric mean of fecal coliform MPM was 4.1/100ml in Udong, 8.6/100 ml in Suyeong, 8.1/100 ml in Jenpodong, 6.1/100 ml in Daesindong and Dongrae, 8.7/100 ml in Yeongdo, 7.1/100 ml in Mangmidong, 6.5/100 ml in Yeonsandong, 9.1/100 ml in Sungjigog, 3.0/100 ml in Gammandong and 7.6/100 ml in Gupo. The seasonal difference of total coliform showed much more contamination in June or July when there were more climers than in December though it was caused by the rise of loafer temperature. With 50 percentile of total coliform MPN July was about 30 times higher than December for July was 163.5/100 ml and December 5.3/100 ml, Particularly, June was about 1.3 times higher than July in contamination because of a sudden increase of people using it. Composition of coliform was $7.64\%$ Escherichia coli, group, $42.86\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $16.78\%$ Klebsiella aerogenes group and $32.72\%$ others. Plate count of samples was varied from 48 to $4.4{\times10}^2/ml$ during the study period.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11b
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• pp.1025-1028
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• 2010

The bacteriological examination of spring water in Seogwipo-city was conducted. A total 11 spring water samples were performed from January to April, 2010. During the study period, the range of temperature was from 0.7 to $15.4^{\circ}C$, and result of the analyses showed that hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) for spring water was 0.33 to 7.8. salinity levels for sample average of 0.5 to 1.04‰, as the result of measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) for spring water showed that water dissolved oxygen were 1.02 to 7.14 mg/${\ell}$. The range of total coliform of spring water sample at 11 stations located in the designated spring water were <1.8~>1,600 MPN/100mL. And the range of geometric mean of total coliform were 1.9~117.1 MPN/100mL, The range of fecal coliform of spring water sample at 11 stations located in the designated spring water were <1.8~>1,600 MPN/100mL. And the range of geometric mean of fecal coliform were 1.8~68.1 MPN/100mL, respectively. Level of microbial contamination was examined in 11 samples for indication of bacterial contamination such as heterophic bacteria, EscherichiacoliO157;H7, salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp. Were frequently detected from the spring water. Salmonella spp., S.aureus were detected in the range of $0{\sim}1.0{\times}10^1$, $0{\sim}3.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/ml, respectively. And the Escherichia coli O157;H7, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shigella spp. Were not detected from the examined spring water samples.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2018

Due to the lack of water in arid and semi-arid areas, reuse of wastewater can be a suitable way to compensate for water scarcity. Therefore, in this research, evaluation of the quality of wastewater of Kashan Treatment Plant to use for irrigation was studied. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016. pH, TSS, TDS, turbidity, COD, BOD5, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Total Coliform, fecal coliform, nematode eggs of inlet and outlet of wastewater treatment plant in Kashan were studied. Mean and standard deviation and wastewater quality parameters before and after treatment were tested with SPSS 22 (2014) software. The mean wastewater output of COD, BOD5, TSS, TDS and turbidity were respectively 86.6, 41.2, 11.11, 1095 mgL-1 and 17.5 NTU and the pH was equal to 7.22. Also, the average of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and phosphorus were 22.4 and 2.2 mgL-1 respectively. The mean of Total Coliform and fecal coliform were 225, 161 MPN / 100 ml respectively. In addition, no nematode eggs were found in final effluent. The results indicated that the treatment plants had a significant role in the control of microbial and organic pollution load of wastewater. Also, it is concluded that all parameters were in accordance with the standards of Iran's Department of Environment, so, it can be used for unrestricted irrigation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.614-622
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• 2010

The sanitary quality of a shellfish-growing area in Gangjinman, Korea, was assessed through a bacteriological examination of seawater form January 2007 to December 2009. The range of the geometric mean (GM) and the estimated 90th percentile for most-probable-number (MPN) values for fecal coliforms in samples collected in the designated area were 2.0-2.4 and 6.1-11.5 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Therefore, the bacteriological quality of seawater in the designated area in the Gangjinman area met the National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP, USA) guidelines for approved areas. Also, the sanitary status of shellfish harvested from the designated area met the Korean Shellfish Sanitation Program (KSSP) fecal coliform criterion (<230 MPN/100 g). However, the degree of bacteriological contamination increased rapidly, and water quality exceeded the criteria for approved areas when large amounts of rain fell before the sampling date. Fortunately, fecal pollutants did not affect the bacteriological quality of a buffer zone established between the shoreline and the designated area. These results indicate that the current buffer zone established around the designated area protects the designated area properly.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.535-541
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• 2018

This study evaluated the sanitary state of seawater and shellfish in Yongnam-Gwangdo area from January 2014 to December 2016. The sampling stations for sanitary survey in Yongnam-Gwangdo area were composed of 41 seawater stations and 5 oyster Crassostrea gigas stations. The samples were collected monthly at each station. Shellfish-borne disease is associated with bacteria and viruses in the presence of fecal coliforms. Bacteriological pollution levels of shellfish increase with seawater quality. Therefore, fecal coliforms are very important criteria for evaluating the safety of fisheries in coastal areas. The geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile ranges of total and fecal coliforms for seawater were 1.8-11.7, 2.8-233.6, <1.8-6.7 and 1.8-100.2 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The range of E. coli levels for oysters was <20-1,300 MPN/100 g. Based on various standards, the sanitary condition in Yongnam-Gwangdo area was evaluated as follows: clean area (Korean criteria), conditionally approved area (US criteria) and class B (EU criteria).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2024

In this research, the growth efficiency, nutritional utilization, fecal microbial levels, and fecal score of weaned pigs were evaluated using therapeutic zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc aspartic acid chelate (Zn-Asp). In a 42-day feeding trial, 60 weaned pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were arbitrarily allotted (age: 21 days; 7.01 ± 0.65 kg preliminary body weight) to 3 different treatment groups with 5 repetitions (2 male and 2 female piglets) in each pen. The trial had 2 different phases, including 1-21 days as phase 1, and 22-42 days as phase 2. The nutritional treatments were: basal diet as control (CON), basal diet incorporated with 3,000 ppm ZnO as TRT1, and basal diet incorporated with 750 ppm Zn-Asp as TRT2. In comparison to the CON group, the pigs in the TRT1 and TRT2 groups had greater (p < 0.05) body weight on day 42; an average daily gain, and an average daily feed intake on days 22-42. Furthermore, during days 1-42, the average daily gain in the treatment groups trended higher (p < 0.05) than in the CON group. Additionally, the fecal score decreased (p < 0.05) at week 6, the lactic acid bacteria count tended to increase (p < 0.05), and coliform bacteria presented a trend in reduction (p < 0.05) in the TRT1 and TRT2 groups compared to the CON group. However, there was no difference in nutrient utilization (p > 0.05) among the dietary treatments. Briefly, the therapeutic ZnO and Zn-Asp nutritional approaches could decrease fecal score and coliform bacteria, increase lactic acid bacteria, and improve growth efficiency; moreover, Zn-Asp (750 ppm) can perform a comparable role to therapeutic ZnO (3,000 ppm). So we can use Zn-Asp (750 ppm) instead of therapeutic ZnO (3,000 ppm) for the better performance of weaning pigs and the reduction of environmental pollution, as therapeutic ZnO is responsible for environmental pollution.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 1977

The distribution of coliform population and drug-resistant coliforms in Shinchun water during April to August in 1976 and R factors in resistant strains were studied. The mean coliform population in the stream water was 361 organisms per 0.1ml and 53.5% of total coliforms were fecal coliforms. Thritynine and a half percent of total coliforms were streptomycin (SM) resistant to one or more of following antibiotics; tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), ampicillin (AP) and kanamycin (KM). The most frequent resistant pattern was triple resistance to SM, TC and AP (23.8%) and followed by quadruple one to SM, TC, CM and AP (17.5%). About 87 percent strains carried R factors which were transferable by conjugation to E. coli ML 1410 or S. typhimurium LT 2.