• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2024

This study examines the classification and typical characteristics of 148 owner shop houses existing in the historical city center of Cheongju. First, they can be classified into single-story, middle-story, and divided types according to the distribution of residential and commercial functions. The single-story(36) has 'ㅡ', 'ㄱ', and 'narrow and deep'-shaped arrangement, with stores on the front and houses on the rear. The middle-story second floor(89) is divided into a first-story store and a second-story house, and the third floor(23) has different functions for each floor, but more than half of them have houses on the second and third floors. Among the total, there are also 16 cases in which the division type is taken with different construction times and structures. Second, in the position of the stairs connected to the upper floor among the middle-floor types(112), the outer stair type(52) to separate from the living space while making the most of the stores on the first floor accounts for 47%, but the biggest feature is that the inner staircase type(34) with privacy reaches 30%. The rear stair room type(26) entering through alleyways or private yards is also 23%. Third, the front pillar spacing varies from 1bay to 4bay in appearance, but the 2bay type on the 2nd floor and the 1bay type on the 3rd floor occupy the largest proportion. This exterior type is a characteristic of a owner shop house that can measure the range of personal ownership. Despite the conflicting functions of stores and houses, 35~40% of the cases are in which the opening positions of the upper and lower floors are unified.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.3-27
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• 2012

The Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air was adopted in 1929. In 1999, the ICAO adopted the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air vastly modernizing the unification of private air law. The Montreal Convention replaced the instruments of the Warsaw system, and came into force on 4 November 2003. The Montreal Convention is not only an international convention. It has also exercised a considerable influence on national legislation. Korea has made the national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of Commercial Act on April 29, 2011, and it has brought into force on November 24, 2011. The national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of Commercial Act of Korea has the provisions on the liability for damage caused to passenger, the liability for damage caused to baggage, and the liability for damage caused to cargo. The main feature of the liability regime of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention is the two-tier liability system for death or injury of the passenger with strict liability up to 100,000 SDR and presumptive liability with a reversed burden of proof without any limit above that threshold. The national legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Commercial Act of Korea has adopted the main principles of the liability of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention. In conclusion, the national legislation relating to the liability of the air carrier by the Korean government will contribute to settle efficiently the dispute on the carrier' liability in respect of the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air, and to provide proper compensation to the passenger or consignor who has suffered damage, subject to the defenses and limitations it sets out.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.33
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• pp.503-529
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• 2013

The commemorative AR postage stamps which are the world first presented at The YEOSU EXPO 2012 has had meaning of communicating with future in this present from a convergence that the most analog medium is using now and that the AR is cutting edge of digital technology. The AR stamps printed 10 kind out of 33 commemorative stamps. These have great significance that is artistic value than that is world first. The applied AR images are not only expressed 3D real images but also artic represented and signifying each stamp images from visualized creativity process, and build 'new art space' that is new concept between on real(analog) and virtual(digital). This study analyzes meaning of images and then makes concept of AR contents design. The processing is designed and considered the meaning of architectures and environments, and the regional specific feature of the Yeosu with surrealistic graphic concept. The 10 of deducted images were expressed after AR coding such as visual arts. This study realized markerless 3D image tracking AR stamps and deducted research result are; the first, it was able to figure out how to realize AR in the process of registering the reference images, coordinating transformation, and hybriding AR on the stamps for the mobile devices. The second, it was able to be seeked a possibility of new virtual exhibition space. The third, it was able to know possibility of satisfaction of immersing with visual formativeness and usability with informativity.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

Spatial data warehouses are a system managing manufactured data through ETL step with extracted spatial data from spatial DBMS or various data sources. In load period, duplicated spatial data in the same subject are not useful in extracted spatial data dislike aspatial data and waste the storage space by the feature of spatial data. Also, in case of extracting source data on heterogeneous system, as those have different spatial type and schema, the spatial extract method is required for them. Processing a step matching address about extracted spatial data using a standard Geocoding DB, the exiting methods load formal data set. However, the methods cause the comparison operation of extracted data with Geocoding DB, and according to integrate spatial data by subject it has problems which do not consider duplicated data among heterogeneous spatial DBMS. This paper proposes efficient extracting method to integrate update query extracted from heterogeneous source systems in data warehouse constructer. The method eliminates unnecessary extracting operation cost to choose related update queries like insertion or deletion on queries generated from loading to current point. Also, we eliminate and integrate extracted spatial data using update query in source spatial DBMS. The proposed method can reduce wasting storage space caused by duplicate storage and support rapidly analyzing spatial data by loading integrated data per loading point.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.936-946
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• 2009

A graph cuts method has recently attracted a lot of attentions for image segmentation, as it can globally minimize energy functions composed of data term that reflects how each pixel fits into prior information for each class and smoothness term that penalizes discontinuities between neighboring pixels. In previous approaches to graph cuts-based automatic image segmentation, GMM(Gaussian mixture models) is generally used, and means and covariance matrixes calculated by EM algorithm were used as prior information for each cluster. However, it is practicable only for clusters with a hyper-spherical or hyper-ellipsoidal shape, as the cluster was represented based on the covariance matrix centered on the mean. For arbitrary-shaped clusters, this paper proposes graph cuts-based image segmentation using mean shift analysis. As a prior information to estimate the data term, we use the set of mean trajectories toward each mode from initial means randomly selected in $L^*u^*{\upsilon}^*$ color space. Since the mean shift procedure requires many computational times, we transform features in continuous feature space into 3D discrete grid, and use 3D kernel based on the first moment in the grid, which are needed to move the means to modes. In the experiments, we investigate the problems of mean shift-based and normalized cuts-based image segmentation methods that are recently popular methods, and the proposed method showed better performance than previous two methods and graph cuts-based automatic image segmentation using GMM on Berkeley segmentation dataset.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

In this paper, we compare face recognition rate by PCA algorithm using distance change and embedded data being input left side and right side image in stereo images. The proposed method detects face region from RGB color space to YCbCr color space. Also, The extracted face image's scale up/down according to distance change and extracts more robust face region. The proposed method through an experiment could establish standard distance (100cm) in distance about 30∼200cm, and get 99.05% (100cm) as an average recognition result by scale change. The definition of super state is specification region in normalized size (92${\times}$112), and the embedded data extracts the inner factor of defined super state, achieved face recognition through PCA algorithm. The orignal images can receive specification data in limited image's size (92${\times}$112) because embedded data to do learning not that do all learning, in image of 92${\times}$112 size averagely 99.05%, shows face recognition rate of test 1 99.05%, test 2 98.93%, test 3 98.54%, test 4 97.85%. Therefore, the proposed method through an experiment showed that if apply distance change rate could get high recognition rate, and the processing speed improved as well as reduce face information.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.60
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• pp.52-74
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• 2012

Legislation needs to be understood within a political, societal relationship among lawmaking bodies rather than by legal provision itself. In order to examine features and functions of communication in the process of legislation, this study conducted focus group interviews with experts as well as in-depth individual interviews. The result of this research as follows: First, the study found that although the domestic legislative process has been made by active interactions among lawmaking subjects, it was hard to conclude that this procedure is providing effective and productive legislative agenda because of chaotic communications made along the process. Second, the study found that national legislative process has been gradually moving, although restricted, to an open political space, the National Assembly, from a closed space, the executive branch. Third, the study found a remarkable feature including growing influence of experts groups and civic organizations in the legislative process. It is a significant change that legislative staff such as National Assembly aides, investigators, expert committeemen and deputy director generals played a role of "insiders," unnoticeably influencing the legislative process, and that civic organizations and NGOs, which have been excluded in the previous legislative processes, emerged as a new influencing circle in the process. Lastly, the study found that media organizations, in the process of developing agenda, had a strong impact on the National Assembly as a subject forming public issues and as a messenger of the legislative agenda while they played a limited role in affecting the government. This study discusses why communication in the domestic legislative process is important and what are some hindering and facilitating factors in the process.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 2014

The Officially Announced Land Price System has a limit, that is required to be able to reflect changes in land constantly every year, to implement Land Characteristic Survey for calculating land price during a specific period and human resources with limited. The purpose of this study is to apply the 'National Territory Space Usage status Survey' method to survey part of the territorial feature status information inside of selected the target sites, considering the core survey items (land category, the state of land use, altitude difference, standard site inclusion, etc) in the areas surrounding Yeonshinnae Station in which three dongs (Galhyeon-dong, Daejo-dong, Bulgwang-dong) of Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul share borders with. Based on the given budget, the manpower and period was taken into consideration to sort a total of 2,041 lots and conduct surveys on all sites. This study will be able to diagnose the efficient idle human resource utilization and work process construction plan through pilot projects specialized for providing real estate information services in preparation for cases in which national territory information survey projects that provide various business model, as well as major future core projects of the corporation will be carried out.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.4 s.107
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• pp.455-462
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• 2006

Recently, the filtering approach using vector approximation such as VA-file[1] or LPC-file[2] have been proposed to support similarity search in high dimensional data space. This approach filters out many irrelevant vectors by calculating the approximate distance from a query vector using the compact approximations of vectors in database. Accordingly, the total elapsed time for similarity search is reduced because the disk I/O time is eliminated by reading the compact approximations instead of original vectors. However, the search time of the VA-file or LPC-file is not much lessened compared to the brute-force search because it requires a lot of computations for calculating the approximate distance. This paper proposes a new bitmap index structure in order to minimize the calculating time. To improve the calculating speed, a specific value of an object is saved in a bit pattern that shows a spatial position of the feature vector on a data space, and the calculation for a distance between objects is performed by the XOR bit calculation that is much faster than the real vector calculation. According to the experiment, the method that this paper suggests has shortened the total searching time to the extent of about one fourth of the sequential searching time, and to the utmost two times of the existing methods by shortening the great deal of calculating time, although this method has a longer data reading time compared to the existing vector approximation based approach. Consequently, it can be confirmed that we can improve even more the searching performance by shortening the calculating time for filtering of the existing vector approximation methods when the database speed is fast enough.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

Ultrasonic inspection methods are widely used for detecting flaws in materials. The signal analysis step plays a crucial part in the data interpretation process. A number of signal processing methods have been proposed to classify ultrasonic flaw signals. One of the more popular methods involves the extraction of an appropriate set of features followed by the use of a neural network for the classification of the signals in the feature spare. This paper describes an alternative approach which uses the least mean square (LMS) method and exportation maximization (EM) algorithm with the model based deconvolution which is employed for classifying nondestructive evaluation (NDE) signals from steam generator tubes in a nuclear power plant. The signals due to cracks and deposits are not significantly different. These signals must be discriminated to prevent from happening a huge disaster such as contamination of water or explosion. A model based deconvolution has been described to facilitate comparison of classification results. The method uses the space alternating generalized expectation maximiBation (SAGE) algorithm ill conjunction with the Newton-Raphson method which uses the Hessian parameter resulting in fast convergence to estimate the time of flight and the distance between the tube wall and the ultrasonic sensor. Results using these schemes for the classification of ultrasonic signals from cracks and deposits within steam generator tubes are presented and showed a reasonable performances.