• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 1998

This study was performed to determine the level of soybean meal (SM) or feather meal (FM) that could substitute for fish meal in fat cod(Hexagrammos otakii Jordan et Starks) diet. A control diet with fish meal as protein source was included. The amount of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of SM or FM substituted for fish meal in the control diet, respectively. Amino acids supplementation in the 20% SM diet was compared. In addition, combination of 5% SM, 5% corn gluten meal, 5% meat meal, 5% blood meal and 5% FM was substituted for fish meal in the control diet. Duplicate groups of the 40 fish averaging 21g were fed one of 11 isoproteic (45%) and isolipidic (15%) experimental diets to satiation twice a day for 2 months. No significant differences were found among fish fed the control, substituting up to 20% SM or 10% FM in weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, and protein efficiency ratio (P>0.05). It is concluded that SM or FM can be used as a partial substitute for fish meal up to 20% or 10% in the control diet, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.189-196
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• 1993

True amino acid availability (TAAA) and true metabolizable energy(TME) values of 8 protein feedstuffs were determined by feeding three roosters exactly 30g of each protein feedstuff after 36h of fasting. From each rooster excreta were collected for 36 h. TAAA were significantly(P<0.01) different among protein feedstuffs. TAAA was highest in fish meal(96.1%), followed by corn gluten(91.2%), rapeseed meal(88.8%), soybean meal(88.7%), meat meal(87.2%), canola meal(86.1%), cottonseeed meal(82.6%) and feather meal(82.5%). Available Iysine values obtained by TAAA method were highly correlated(P<0.01) with those obtained by chick bioassay(CBA) and FDNB method. TME was highest in corn gluten(4,011kcal/kg, as fed basis), followed by fish meal(3,906), feather meal(3,098), soybean meal(3,007), meat and bone meal(2,631), canola meal(2,326), cottonseed meal(2,246) and rapeseed meal(2,120).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2005

This study, consisting of three experiments, was conducted to determine the effects of feeding feather meal (FM), feather meal digest (FMD), L-cystine and methionine hydroxyl analogue (MHA) on taurine content of milk and milk production of Holstein dairy cows. In experiment 1, FM or FMD was supplemented at 0, 1, 3 and 5% of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. Taurine concentration of 3% FM and 5% FMD treatment were increased by 14% and 220/0, respectively. The 5% FM treatment had a negative effect on milk yield and FM and FMD treatments had no significant or consistent effects on milk fat, protein, lactose, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). In experiment 2, Lcystine or MHA was supplemented at 0, 1, 3, and 5g or ml/d along with 5% FMD, respectively. Milk yield decreased at 3 and 5g or ml Lcystine or MHA supplementation along with 5% FMD. Fat and lactose in milk were not significantly affected by treatments. However, milk protein level increased significantly in the 5 ml HMA with 5% FMD treatment. SCC decreased significantly in 1ml MHA with 5% FMD supplemented treatment but increased in 5g Lcystine with 5% FMD and 5 ml MHA with 5% FMD treatments. Increase of milk taurine concentration of L'cystine with 5% FMD treatments was not significant but those of MHA with 5% FMD treatments were significantly higher than the control. The highest increase of milk taurine concentration was 65% shown in 1 ml MHA with 5% FMD treatment. In experiment 3, 5% FM, 5% FM+3% molasses or 5% FM+3% molasses+l ml MHA was supplemented to the based TMR diet. The molasses treatments (5% FM+3% molasses and 5% FM+3% molasses+l ml MHA) showed significantly higher milk taurine content than the 5% FM treatment. The molasses treatments significantly reduced MUN but increased SCC. It was concluded that FMD is more effective than FM in enriching taurine in milk. Maximum taurine enrichment (65%) in the milk was obtained by supplementation of 5% FMD/DM1+1 ml MHA/d/cow. Molasses supplementation to 5% FM diet increased milk taurine content. However, MHA supplementation in dairy cows increased ruminal escape, gastrointestinal absorption and response of serum methionine.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.6 no.6 s.56
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• pp.113-115
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• 1974

다음은 미국농무성의 외곽단체인 N.R.A 극동사무소 축산사료담당 '구리하라'박사가 N.R.A의 업무활동을 월간양계 독자를 위해 간략히 소개하고 있다. N.R.A(National Renderes Association)라고 하면 시료용 동물성 유지(Feed Grade Animal Fats)위 율곡분(Meat and Bone Meal), 우모분(Feather Meal)등을 공급하고 있는 대단위 단체인 것이다. 구리하라박사가 소개하고 있는 최근의 업무활동과 N.R.A의 사업을 소개한다.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1307-1314
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• 2010

This study was conducted to isolate and characterize a novel feather-degrading bacterium producing keratinase activity. A strain K9 was isolated from soil at poultry farm and identified as Xanthomonas sp. K9 by phenotypic characters and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The cultural conditions for the keratinase production were 0.3% fructose, 0.1% gelatin, 0.04% $K_2HPO_4$, 0.06% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.05% NaCl and 0.01% $FeSO_4$ with an initial pH 8.0 at $30^{\circ}C$ and 200 rpm. In an optimized medium containing 0.1% chicken feather, production yield of keratinase was approximately 8-fold higher than the yield in basal medium. The strain K9 effectively degraded chicken feather meal (67%) and duck feather (54%), whereas human nail and human hair showed relatively low degradation rates (13-22%). Total free amino acid concentration in the cell-free supernatant was about 25.799 mg/l. Feather hydrolysate produced by the strain K9 stimulated growth of red pepper, indicating Xanthomonas sp. K9 could be not only used to increase the nutritional value of chicken feather but also a potential candidate for the development of natural fertilizer applicable to crop plant soil.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2010

Thirty-one chicken feather-degrading bacteria were isolated from wasted feather, compost and wastewater in a chicken farm. These isolates were categorized as Firmicutes (21 strains), ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria (4 strains), Actinobacteria (4 strains), and Bacteroidetes (2 strains) by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. We examined the feather-degrading isolates for degradation in the 2% of chicken feather meal. The strain Chryseobacterium sp. FBF-7, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia FBS-4, and Lysinibacillus sp. FBW-3 were selected as a keratinolytic protein degrading bacteria which showed the highest feather degradation of 75-90%. The characteristics of amino acids extracted from chicken feather meal by using keratinolytic protein degrading isolates and chemical method with $Ca(OH)_2$ were analyzed. Total amino acid content of strain Chryseobacterium sp. FBF-7 was 1,661.6 ${\mu}mol$/ml, which was the highest and it was similar with chemical method. And essential amino acid content of total amino acid was thirty-seven percent (619.3 ${\mu}mol$/ml) and 596.9 ${\mu}mol$/ml for keratinolytic protein degrading isolates and chemical method, respectively. The major amino acids were valine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, and proline by the strain Chryseobacterium sp. FBF-7 and especially, higher contents of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, cysteine, and tyrosine were detected compared with chemical method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM) on the performance of pigs and taurine content in pork. A total of 135 cross-bred (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D) pigs, weighing an average 46 kg, were assigned to five dietary treatments; Control, 3% FM supplemented diet (3% FM), 3% FM and 10 ppm pyridoxin supplemented diet (3% FMpyridoxin), 6% FM supplemented diet (6% FM) and 6% FM and 10 ppm pyridoxine supplemented diet (6% FM-pyridoxin). Each treatment had 3 replications of 9 pigs (4 gilts and 5 barrows) each. Pigs were fed for 11 weeks under a phase feeding program which consisted of grower (0-3 week), grow-finisher (4-8 week) and finisher (9-11 week) periods. During the whole feeding period, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed FM treatments tended to increase in general compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of the control was significantly (p<0.05) lower than FM treatments. Taurine content of the control was highest in heart muscle (1,393.8 ppm) followed by liver (647.3 ppm), tenderloin (601.2 ppm), ham (462.4 ppm) and loin (375.8 ppm). Taurine contents of heart, tenderloin, ham and loin were significantly (p<0.05) increased by FM treatments. Taurine content was highest in the 6% FM-pyridoxin treatment. Taurine content of heart, tenderloin, ham and loin on 6% FM-pyridoxin supplementation were increased by 91%, 23%, 27% and 29%, respectively, compared with the control. Sensory tests of the pork showed that there was no consistent response among the treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of FM and pyridoxin to a pig diet can increase taurine content of the pork.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.93-94
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• 2004

The experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal and pyridoxine on the taurine content of egg yolk and performance of laying hens. Feeding trial was conducted with 900 31-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers for 4wks. The experiment consisted of six dietary treatments: control(basal diet), feather meal(FM) 3 % diet(FM 3 %), FM 3 % + pyridoxine supplemented diet(FM 3 % + Pyridox), FM 6 % diet, FM 6 % + pyridoxine supplemented diet(FM 6% + Pyridox), Synthetic taurine 0.25 % supplemented diet(Taurine). Egg production of birds fed FM 3% was highest and those of the FM diets were also higher than those of Taurine and the control. Egg weight of Taurine was significantly lower than those of FM 3 %, FM 6 % and the control but were not significantly different from those of FM 3 % + Pyridox or FM 6 % + Pyridox. Feed intake of the control was greater than those of FM 6 %, FM 6% + Pyridox or Taurine treatment but was not significantly different from those of FM 3 % and FM 3 % + Pyridox. Feed conversion of the control was significantly higher than other treatments in which that of FM 6 % was lowest. Broken and soft egg production of Taurine was highest while that of the control was lowest among treatments. Taurine content of egg yolk significantly increased by supplementation of taurine(64.7 %). FM 6 % + pyridoxine(57 %), FM 3% + pyridoxine (32.1%) and FM 6% (16.6 %). Sensory evaluation data of Taurine has shown the highest score in most of sensory attributes. It is concluded that taurine can be enriched in egg yolk by supplementation of 6 % FM diet and pyridoxine as well as 0.25 % synthetic taurine.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.95-96
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM its) digests on the performance of broiler chicks and taurine content in broiler meat. A total of 1,000 broiler chickens were assigned to five dietary treatments : Control, FM diet(FM), FM+pyridoxine(FM+Pyridox), H$_2$O$_2$ treated FM diet(H$_2$O$_2$-FM) and enzyme treated FM diet (Enzyme-FM). Treated diets were supplemented with FM or FM digests at the level of 5 % to the control diet. During the stater period, weight gain of chicks fed FM+Pyridox was significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of the other FM or FM digest treatments but was not different from the control. Weight gam of overall period were not significantly different among treatments. Feed intake of the control was greater than that of FM or FM digest treatments. Feed conversion ratio(feed intake/gain) of chicks fed FM and H$_2$O$_2$-FM were significantly higher than those of Enzyme-FM and FM+Pyridox, but were not significantly different from the control. Taurine contents of leg and breast mucle were significantly (P<0.01) different among treatments but those of liver were not significantly different. Taurine content of FM+Pyridox was highest in both leg and breast muscle. It was 85 % higher in leg muscle and 15 % higher in breast muscle than that of the control. Sensory evaluation data showed significant but not consistant responses in various parameters. FM + Pyridox treatment showed highest score in aroma of raw leg muscle of male and in juiciness and tenderness of broiled breast muscle of male chickens. Control group showed highest color score in raw leg muscle of female and lowest overall acceptability score in broiled breast and leg muscle of male chicken. It is concluded that taurine can be enriched especially in broiler leg meat by 5 % FM diet supplemented with pyridoxine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.622-629
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• 2010

The effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM) and pyridoxine ($B_6$) on the taurine content of egg yolk and performance of laying hens were investigated. A feeding trial was conducted in nine hundred 31-wk-old $Hy-Line^{\circledR}$ Brown layers over 4 wk. The hens received 6 dietary treatments: Control, FM 3% supplemented diet (FM 3%), FM 3%+$B_6$ supplemented diet (FM 3%+$B_6$), FM 6% supplemented diet (FM 6%), FM 6%+$B_6$ supplemented diet (FM 6%+$B_6$), and synthetic taurine 0.25% supplemented diet (Taurine). Parameters of production were significantly (p<0.05) affected by treatments. The egg production of hens fed FM 3% was the highest and hens fed FM diets were more productive than the Taurine and Control groups. The egg weights of the Taurine group were significantly lower than those of the FM 3% and FM 6% groups, but not significantly different from those of other treatments. The feed intake of the Control group was highest among all groups. The feed conversion ratio of the Control group was higher than in groups receiving other treatments of which FM 6% was the lowest. The broken egg production of the Taurine group was highest, while that of the Control group was lowest among treatments. The taurine content of egg yolk was significantly (p<0.01) increased by supplementation of taurine (64.7%), FM 6%+$B_6$ (57%), FM 3%+$B_6$ (32.1%), and FM 6% (16.6%) over a 4 wk average. Sensory evaluation data of the Taurine group showed the highest score in all of the sensory attributes and those of other treatments were not significantly (p<0.05) different. In conclusion, taurine can be enriched in egg yolk by supplementation of 6% FM and $B_6$, as well as 0.25% synthetic taurine.