• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.362-370
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• 2007

The study was designed to assess the effect of iron and cereal supplementation on children's iron nutritional status in social welfare institutions. Dietary survey was carried out methods of food weighing and record by interview (n=74). A nutritional intervention study was carried out through supplementing iron supplements and cereal for 4 weeks in 4-12 years old children. Children received daily 40 mg elemental Fe as iron protein succinylate (n=23) and 3.6 mg elemental Fe as 100 g cereal (n=24), respectively. Blood samples were drawn before and after supplementation. Nutrients which children's intake was less than two-thirds of the RDA were vitamin A, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, calcium and iron. The mean daily intake of iron was 5.1 mg for male and 4.9 mg for female, and 52.3% for male and 45.4% for female of Korean RDA. The proportion of children with iron depletion assessed by TIBC (> 360 ${\mu}g$/dl) and serum ferritin (< 20 ng/ml) were 56.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The proportion of children with the iron deficient erythropoiesis assessed by serum iron (< 70 ${\mu}g$/dl), Hb (< 12 g/dl), Hct (< 36%) were 76.0%, 58.7%, 64.0%, respectively. After iron supplements treatment, Hb (p<0.001), Hct(p<0.001), serum iron (p<0.001), transferrin saturation (p<0.001) and serum ferritin (p<0.Ol) increase significantly and only TIBC decreased slightly. After cereal supplementation, in anemic children, Hct (p<0.001), serum iron (p<0.001) and transferrin saturation (p<0.001) were significantly increased. The effect of iron supplements and cereal supplementation in children with iron deficient erythropoiesis were more effective to improve the iron nutritional status than children with iron depletion. It was concluded that cereal supplementation program in anemic children was also effective to improve iron nutritional status.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2020

Iron has a crucial role in growth as part of metalo-proteins like haemoglobin or myoglobin, enzymes; they are also involved in energetic reactions. Iron plays a vital role in fertility. At high doses, Iron has a harmful consequence on the reproductive system, which can be strongly reflected the final stage of spermatogenesis. Nutritional products are claiming to use nanotechnology and it is important to recognize the potential toxicity of nano-sized nutrients. Recently iron nanoparticles were proposed as a food additive for poultry. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of L-cystein coated iron oxide nanoparticles on reproductive performance in male quails. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, Alternating Gradient Force Magnetometer and Scaning Electron Microscopy showed that iron oxide nanoparticles was produced and have been coated with L-cycstein (Fe₃O₄-Cys NPs). A total of 100 one-week-old quail chicks were randomly placed to five groups of five replicates. Four quails (two male and two females) were raised in an individual cage for each replicate. The five experimental treatment diets consisted; negative control diet, with no Iron supplementation; positive control diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg of Fe₃O₄; treatment diets supplemented with 0.6, 6 and 60 mg/kg of L-cystein coated iron oxide nanoparticles. The hemoglobin, Red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, gonadal somatic index, daily sperm production, total testicular sperm and sperm viability of the male quails that were fed with diet supplemented by 0.6 mg/kg of Fe₃O₄-Cys NPs were improved as compare with negative control. This study showed that not only the use of the Fe₃O₄-Cys nanoparticles had no side effects but also it can be used as a feed additive to improve the reproductive performance in male quails.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of iron supplementation on iron-deficiency-related indices, oxidative stress and antioxidative enzyme activity in female marathoners. Fourteen teenage female marathoners participated in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups: mild anemic and control, depending on their hemoglobin (Hb) level. The mild anemic group had significantly lower RBC count and hematocrit (Hct) and Hb levels compared to the control group. The mild anemic group (〈12.5g Hb/dI, n=7) was given iron supplements (60mg Fe/day) for four weeks during the summer training period. RBC count, Hct and Hb levels showed an increasing tendency through iron supplementation, and significant differences in these variables between the anemic and control groups disappeared in the post-period. There was no difference in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) between the anemic and control groups. However, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were significantly higher in the anemic group. The significant difference in enzyme activity between the groups disappeared in the post-period. In addition, superoxide dismutase activity significantly decreased after iron supplementation. In conclusion, antioxidative enzyme activity was up-regulated in an anemic condition and mild iron supplementation decreased the antioxidant enzyme activity of female marathoners while improving their anemic condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of genistein on the antioxidative defence system and membrane fluidity in chick skeletal muscle cells after supplementation with 0, 20, 40, and $80{\mu}mol/L$ genistein in $50{\mu}mol/L$ $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells for 24 h. Genistein supplementation recovered the decreased activity of total superoxide dismutase induced by $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$, significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity (p<0.05) and decreased malondialdehyde production (p<0.05). The treatment of 80 mol/L genistein in $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells decreased the secretion of creatine kinase (p<0.05). Fluorescence polarization values and microviscosities observed with $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells were significantly higher than those observed with no $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treated cells. The addition of $80{\mu}mol/L$ genistein improved the increased fluorescence polarization value (p<0.05) caused by $FeSO_4/H_2O_2$ treatment. The microviscosity value was significantly decreased by adding genistein (p<0.05). In conclusion, genistein protected skeletal muscle cells from oxidative damage by improving antioxidative status and membrane fluidity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.943-951
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the effects of iron supplementation and nutrition education on the iron status and anemia of high school girls. The subjects resided in Ulsan city in Korea and were already diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency. Over a period of three months, one iron tablet (80 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) was administered to the iron deficient subjects and two tablets (160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to the anemia subjects. The average height and weight of anemia subjects were 161.24 $\pm$ 4.50 cm and 50.87 $\pm$ 5.86 kg, respectively. The average BMI (kg/$m^2$ )was 19.58 $\pm$ 2.03 and the PIBW(percent ideal body weight) were 92.52 $\pm$ 9.84%. Except for vitamin A and vitamin C intakes, the intake levels of all other nutrients were below the RDA. Total calorie intakes of anemia subjects were 73.5% of RDA. The iron intakes of subjects from food were 69. 1% of RDA and the Ca intakes were 59.1% of RDA. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentration of anemia subjects averaged 10.77 $\pm$ 1.33 g/dl, and this increased significantly (p < 0.001) to 12.12 $\pm$ 1.08 g/dl, after iron supplementation. The basal ferritin, and transferrin saturations ｛TS (%)｝of anemia subjects were 12.51 $\pm$ 15.19 ng/$m\ell$ and 8.43 $\pm$ 7.56%, respectively, and these significantly increased to 20.59 $\pm$ 22.39 ng/$m\ell$ and 15.56 $\pm$ 12.87%, respectively. The level of total iron binding protein (TIBC) significantly decreased from the initial 486.80 $\pm$ 70.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl to 417.86 $\pm$ 67.73 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl (p < 0.001) after iron supplementation. For the iron deficiency subjects, the ferritin, iron and TS(%) levels were increased significantly (p < 0.001) and the TIBC levels were significantly (p <0.001) decreased after iron supplementation. Anemia symptoms such as 'Feeling blue (p<0.05)', 'Decreased ability to concentrate (p<0.001)' and 'Poor memory (p<0.05)' improved significantly after iron supplementation in the anemia subjects. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with changes in serum hemoglobin (t=0.194, p< 0.01), serum ferritin (t=0.181, p<0.01), TS(%) (t=0.141, p<0.05), and hematocrit (t=0.254, p<0.01), and was negatively correlated with changes in TIBC (t=-0.143. p<0.05) and red cell distribution width (RDW, t=-0.140, p<0.05). In conclusion, daily iron supplementation was effective in improving the iron status and reducing symptoms of anemia in high school girls. (Korean J Nutrition 35 (9) : 943~951,2002)

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary low (Fe) levels on Fe metabolism of cadmium(Cd) poisoned rats. 40 male Sprague weaning Dawley rats weighing 80-90g were divided into 4 groups(LFe:low Fe, LFeCd:low Fe and Cd, AFe: adequate Fe, AFeCd: adequate Fe and Cd) according to Cd administration(0, 50ppm in drinking water) and Fe levels(Fe:6ppm, 40ppm in diet)for 12 weeks. The food intake and body weight gain of Cd group with low Fe(LFeCd) were significantly lower than those of without Cd group with adequate Fe(AFe)(p<0.01, P<0.05). But there was no significantly difference between Cd groups and without Cd groups in water intake. The blood levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum levels of Fe of LFeCd were significantly lower than those of AFe(p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.001). The urinary and fecal excretion of Fe of LFeCd was significantly lower than that of AFe(p<0.05, p0.05). The levels of Fe of liver, spleen in LFeCd were lower than those of AFeCd(p<0.05, p<0.05). These results indicates that adequate iron supplementation to Cd pretreated rats induce protective effects on the reduction of Fe status by Cd poisoning.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2006

본 연구는 유기태 철과 효모철의 첨가가 육계의 생산성 및 체조성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 공시동물은 Ross broiler 252수로 7처리 6반복 반복당 6수씩 사양시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 1) 대조구, 2) YM03 0.1%, 3) YM03 1.0%, 4) YF04 0.1%, 5) YF04 1.0%, 6) 유기태 Fe 0.01% 및 7) 유기태 Fe 0.1%로 총 7처리로 나누어 실시하였다. 증체량은 대조구가 2,087 g으로 낮게 나타났으며, 유기태 Fe 0.01% 첨가구가 2.121 g으로 나타나 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 사료섭취량은 대조구는 3,797 g으로 낮게 나타났으며, YM03 1.0% 첨가구가 3,827 g으로 높게 나타나 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 도체 Fe 함량은 대조구가 30.51 mg/dL 로 낮게 나타났으며, YF04 0.1 % 첨가구가 41.58 mg/dL 로 높게 나타나 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 육계에서 사료내 유기태 철 또는 효모철의 첨가는 도체내 철의 함량을 강화시키고 철분이 강화된 축산물 생산이 가능할 것으로 사료되나 사업화하기 위해서는 추후에 더욱 체계적인 연구가 요구된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.459-469
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• 2003

We examined the effects of calcium intake levels on mineral metabolism during pregnancy using calcium-deficient young adult rats. Five week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal Ca (NCa, 0.5%) and low Ca (LCa, 0.15%) diets for five weeks (pre-pregnancy). The low Ca intake group was then divided into three groups and fed low Ca (0.15%), normal Ca (0.5%) and high Ca (1.5%) diets for 3 weeks (pregnancy). All of the rats were mated with normal male rats. The control group was fed a consistently normal Ca (0.5%) diet during pre-pregnancy and pregnancy. On the day after delivery, dams and their pups were sacrificed. We measured total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and mineral content in serum and weight, length, breaking force, ash and mineral content in the femur and lumbar (L2-L4) of the dams. Whole body mineral content was measured in the pups. There was no difference in weight gain and food intake among the groups. Serum total protein and albumin were in the normal range but a little lower during pregnancy. High Ca supplementation decreased serum Mg and Fe during pregnancy. Weight, ash and Ca of the femur and lumbar significantly decreased in rats fed a chronically low Ca diet during pre-pregnancy and pregnancy. Calcium supplementation levels were above normal during pregnancy and increased the bone weight and breaking force of rats fed the low Ca diet during pre-pregnancy. However, Ca supplementation did not increase the ash and Ca contents in the bones. High Ca supplementation during pregnancy significantly decreased Mg in the bones and increased Ca and P in the kidneys. Ash content of pups from dams fed the chronically low Ca diet decreased but there was no difference in whole body Ca among the groups. Mg and Fe in the whole body decreased in pups from dams fed the high Ca diet. Pregnancy performance was reduced in dams fed the low Ca diet. These results suggest that above normal Ca supplementation levels during pregnancy restored maternal bone status to some extent in rats fed the chronically low Ca diet. The same could not be said for mineral content. Also, high Ca supplementation during pregnancy may deteriorate mineral composition in bones and other tissues. Therefore, more detailed research is needed to facilitate sound recommendations on appropriate calcium intake during pregnancy. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 459∼469, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.709-716
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary Fe levels on Cd accumulation in Cd poisoned rats. Forty male weaning Sprague Dawley rats weighing 80-90g were divided into 4 groups(LFe : low Fe, LFeCd : low Fe and Cd, AFe : adequate Fe, AFeCd : adequate Fe and Cd) according to Cd administration(Cd : 0 or 50ppm in drinking water) and Fe levels (Fe : 6 or 40ppm in diet) for 12 weeks. The food intake and weight gain of LFe and LFeCd were significantly lower than those of AFe and AFeCd(p<0.01, p<0.001). The water intake was not affected significantly by Cd and Fe, therefore Cd intake was no significant difference between groups. The Cd accumulation of kidney in LFeCd was significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.001). But the Cd accumulations of brain, liver and spleen were not significantly different between Cd groups and without Cd groups. The serum Cd content and urinary Cd excretion of LFeCd was significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.01, p<0.01). But the fecal Cd excretion of LFeCd was significantly lower than that of AFeCd(p<0.001). The Cd retention, Cd retention rate, and apparent Cd digestibility of LFeCd were significantly higher than those of AFeCd(p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001). It was concluded that adequate Fe supplementation have protective effects on the long term Cd poisoning in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1279-1287
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• 2009

Concentrated livestock production has led to soil nutrient accumulation concerns. To reduce the environmental impact, it is necessary to understand current recommended livestock feeding practices. Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of trace mineral supplementation on performance, carcass composition, and fecal mineral excretion of phase-fed, grow-finish pigs. Crossbred pigs (Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), (n = 528); Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), (n = 560)) were housed in totally-slatted, confinement barns, blocked by weight, penned by sex, and randomly assigned to pens at approximately 18 kg BW. Treatments were allocated in a randomized complete block design (12 replicate pens per treatment) with 9 to 12 pigs per pen throughout the grow-finish period. In Exp. 1, the control diet (Io100) contained Cu as $CuSO_{4}$, Fe as $FeSO_{4}$, and Zn (of which 25% was ZnO and 75% was $ZnO_{4}$) at concentrations of 63 and 378 mg/kg, respectively. Treatment 2 (O100) contained supplemental Cu, Fe, and Zn from organic sources (Bioplex, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) at concentrations of 19, 131, and 91 mg/kg, respectively, which are the commercially recommended dietary inclusion levels for these organic trace minerals. Organic Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations from O100 were reduced by 25% and 50% to form treatments 3 (O75) and 4 (O50-1), respectively. In Exp. 2, treatment 5 (Io25) contained 25% of the Cu, Fe, and Zn (inorganic sources) concentrations found in Io100. Treatment 6 (O50-2) was identical to the O50-1 diet from Exp. 1. Treatment 7 (O25) contained the experimental microminerals reduced by 75% from concentrations found in O100. Treatment 8 (O0) contained no trace mineral supplementation and served as a negative control for Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, tenth-rib backfat, loin muscle area and ADG did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Pigs fed the control diet (Io100) consumed less feed (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed diets containing organic trace minerals, thus, G:F was greater (p = 0.03). In Exp. 2, there were no differences among treatment means for loin muscle area, but pigs fed the reduced organic trace mineral diets consumed less (p<0.05) feed and tended (p = 0.10) to have less tenth-rib backfat compared to pigs fed the reduced inorganic trace mineral diet. Considering that performance and feed intake of pigs was not affected by lower dietary trace mineral inclusion, mineral excretion could be reduced during the grow-finish phase by reducing dietary trace mineral concentration.