• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate genetic development and genotype${\times}$environment interactions (GEI) in postweaning body weight of fattening bulls at the end of test period (WT-T) under various beef fattening environments. Data on a total of 24,247 fattening bulls obtained from the industrial farm, breeding farms and testing stations were used. Heritability estimates for WT-T in all environments were nearly similar. Significant genetic developments of sire, dam and progenies for WT-T were observed in all environments. However, many differences in annual genetic developments between the environments were significant. The genetic correlations for WT-T between industrial farm and breeding farms, industrial farm and testing stations and breeding farms and testing stations were respectively 0.004, 0.004 and 0.013. These low estimates of genetic correlations and significant differences in genetic developments among environments clearly show the existence of GEI for WT-T among various fattening environments. Results of this study indicate the need for environment-specific genetic evaluation and selection of beef bulls for commercial beef production.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.157-170
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder feeding by 1% level of concentrate on the fattening cross bred bulls(5/8 Korean Native Cattle, 2/8 Charolais, 1/8 Brahman germ plasma) Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment groups which were T1(Full feeding of concentrate and roughage for 12 months), T2(T1 and Scoria addition), T3(T1 and Quartz porphyry addition) and T4(Oak charcoal addition) for 360 days, consisting of 32 heads whose initially weights were about 299.7kg. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. During the over-all period, average daily gains by T3, T4, T2 and T1 were 1.024, 0.987, 0.977kg and 0.964, respectively, without a significant difference by treatments. 2. Concentrate intakes per body weight and TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were lower in addition agent groups than in control, and in all the treatments feed efficiency was higher at early stage for 360 fattening day than at end stage. 3. Carcass weight, dressing percent, back-fat thickness and loin eye muscle area by treatments were 330.9 to 348.4kg(average 340.3kg), 55.2~56.2(average 55.8%), 0.41~0.55(average 0.46cm)and 76.0~80.9$\textrm{cm}^2$(average 77.6$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively, and were improved in addition agent groups than in control. 4. Meat quality grade is higher in addition agent groups than in control, and heads of 1st grade by treatments was 3, 2, 1 and none in T4, T2, T3 and T1, respectively. 5. Incidence heads of diseases by treatment were not apparently different, but diseases of digestive system was decreased in addition agent groups than in control. 6. The nitrate nitrogen content of fattening bull dung which collected in rectum were 0.082~0.089% (average 0.084%), and the content in addition agent groups was smaller than in controll. 7. Income was higher in order of T4, T3, T2, and T1 and incomes of treatment groups were grater than that of control group by 21.4 to 33.5 percent. According to the above results it may be concluded that fattening bulls may be required to feed no more than 1% of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder based on the concentrate feeding level during the fattening period(12 to 24 month of age) to produce high quality meat and increase income.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2012

Feeding trial was conducted with 80 Hanwoo steers (7.5 months of age, 204.4 kg body weight) for 680 days from growing period to late fattening period to examine the feeding value of whole crop barley silage TMR (BS-TMR) and whole crop rye silage TMR (RS-TMR) on body gain, feed cost, slaughter characteristics and quality characteristics of $longissimus$ $dorsi$ muscle. Dietary treatments were conventional separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw (control), feeding BS TMR up to middle fattening period and same diet as for control during late fattening period (BS-TMR I), feeding BS-TMR for whole experimental period (BS-TMR II), feeding RS TMR up to middle fattening period and same diet as for control during late fattening period (RS-TMR I) and RS TMR for whole experimental period (RS-TMR II). Sixteen castrated calves were assigned to each treatment (4 pens, 4 heads per pen). Pens in each treatment were randomly distributed. Feeding both BS silage TMR and RS silage TMR slightly increased body gain of Hanwoo steers at the stages of growing and early fattening, and increased (P<0.0001) at middle fattening compared to feeding control diet while control diet tended to increase body gain at late fattening stage compared to feeding BS-TMR I, BS-TMR II and RS-TMR I diets. Total body gain was slightly increased in Hanwoo steers fed both I and II for BS and RS TMR compared to that in control diet. Feed cost per kg gain per head was relatively low in the Hanwoo steers fed silage TMRs to that fed control diet. Carcass weight, back fat thickness and $longissimus$ $dorsi$ area of Hanwoo steers tended to increase but lowered (P<0.047) yield index by feeding silage TMRs. Feeding BS TMR slightly decreased marbling score but no difference was found in the number of head over grade 1 between diets. Control diet tended to improve yield grade compared to silage TMRs. Chemical composition, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss and pH, color and fatty acid composition of $longissimus$ $dorsi$ were not affected by experimental diets and feeding duration of silage TMRs. Shear force, however, was increased (P<0.046) by silage TMRs without difference between them compared to control diet. Based on the results of the current study, BS TMR and RS TMR could improve body gain and reduce feed cost without deteriorating meat quality compared to separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw. Overall feeding value was similar between BS TMR and RS TMR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1592-1598
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a trace minerals-fortified microbial culture (TMC) on the performance and carcass characteristics of late-fattening Hanwoo steers. A mixture of microbes (0.6% [v/w] of Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces sp.) was cultured with 99% feedstuff for ensiling and 0.4% trace minerals (zinc, selenium, copper, and cobalt). Sixteen late-fattening steers (mean age, 21.8 months) were allocated to two diets: a control diet (concentrate mix and rice straw) and a treated diet (control diet+3.3% TMC). At a mean age of 31.1 months, all the steers were slaughtered. The addition of TMC to the diet did not affect the average daily weight gain of the late fattening steers, compared with that of control steers. Moreover, consuming the TMC-supplemented diet did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index or yield grade, or quality traits such as meat color, fat color, texture, maturity, marbling score, or quality grade. However, consumption of a TMC-supplemented diet increased the concentrations of zinc, selenium, and sulfur (p<0.05) in the longissimus muscle. With respect to amino acids, animals consuming TMC showed increased (p<0.05) concentrations of lysine, leucine, and valine among essential amino acids and a decreased (p<0.05) concentration of proline among non-essential amino acids. In conclusion, the consumption of a TMC-supplemented diet during the late-fattening period elevated the concentrations of certain trace minerals and essential amino acids in the longissimus muscle, without any deleterious effects on performance and other carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.353-358
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• 2003

Regarding the fattening of younger cattle that the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) recommends in Japan, this study looked at vitamin A control in feed and blood and its effect on performance of production and carcass composition of Wagyu steers. Five sets from 10 Wagyu artificial identical twins were divided to into 2 groups, a restricted group (Test) and a supplied group (Control). The body weight at the finishing time of the Test was significantly lower than that of the Control (p<0.05). The daily gain from 13 to 21 months old, as the animals in the Test were fed the concentrated feed without Vitamin A, was significantly different (p<0.05) between the Test and the Control. The total daily gains for the Test and the Control for the fattening period were 0.82 kg/day and 0.93 kg/day, respectively, which showed a significant difference (p<0.01). Regarding the rib thickness, the Test was thinner than the Control. The Beef Marbling Scores of the Test and Control were 3.60 and 2.80, respectively. The muscle weight of the Test was significantly smaller than that of the Control (p<0.01). However, regarding the ratio to the carcass, the Test was significantly higher than the Control (p<0.05). For the fat weight, the Test was smaller by about 15 kg than the Control (p<0.01). Furthermore, for the fat ratio to the carcass, the Test was significantly lower than the Control (p<0.05). The bone weights of the two groups were approximately the same. Regarding the ratio of bone to carcass, the Test was higher than the Control (p<0.01). For the younger fattening method, the low level vitamin A in the serum had the effect that the muscle ratio to the carcass weight was greater and the fat was less, but the carcass and muscle weight were less.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.378-383
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) chelate supplementation on blood metabolites and fatty acid profile of beef from Holstein steers during late fattening period. Fifteen Holstein steers were allotted randomly into two groups including the control (non Cr-Met feeding, NCM, ave. body weight [BW] = $483{\pm}25.7kg$) and the treatment (Cr-Met feeding for 4 months, 4CM, ave. $BW=486{\pm}27.5kg$) group. The feeding amount of Cr-Met to animals was limited to 400 ppb/cow/d and was supplemented to total mixed ration. No difference in blood albumin, alkaline phosphatase, urea-nitrogen, calcium, creatine, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol were observed between the treatment groups (p>0.05). The level of high density lipoprotein was higher in the 4CM group than the NCM group, whereas low density lipoprotein was lower in the 4CM group (p<0.05). The fatty acid composition (caprate, laurate, myristate, pentadecanoate, palmitate, palmitoleate, margarate, cis-11 heptadodecanoate, stearate, oleate, trans-vaccenate, linoleate, cis-11 eicosenoate, docosa hexaenoic acid, and docosa pentaenoic acid) of the beef showed no difference between the two groups (p>0.05). The arachidonic acid level tended to be higher in the 4CM than the NCM group (p = 0.07). Cr-Met had no influence (p>0.05) on the ratio of saturated, unsaturated, unsaturated/saturated, monounsaturated/saturated and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the 4CM group was comparatively higher than the NCM group (p<0.05). This study concluded that feeding Cr-Met supplementation in 400 ppb/d to Holstein steers for 4 months during late fattening period can improve some blood metabolites and beef quality by increasing PUFA and gamma-linoleate compositions of beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1562-1568
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of indigenous herbal supplements on growth, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics in the late fattening period of Hanwoo steers. In a 6 month feeding trial, thirty Hanwoo steers ($647{\pm}32$ kg) were allotted to one of 5 treatment groups, control (basal diet contained lasalocid), licorice, clove, turmeric and silymarin, with six steers per pen. All groups received ad libitum concentrate and 1 kg rice straw/animal/d throughout the feeding trial. Blood samples were collected at the beginning, middle, and the end of the experiment and the steers were slaughtered at the end. Blood glucose, triglyceride, total protein, and albumin concentrations were higher in the turmeric treatment compared with other treatments. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were highest (p<0.003 and p = 0.071, respectively) in steers treated with silymarin. Alanine aminotransferase activity was lower (p<0.06) for licorice and silymarin compared with the control group. There were no alterations in serum aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase activities as a consequence of herb treatments (p = 0.203 and 0.135, respectively). Final body weight, body weight gain, average dairy gain and dry matter intake were not significantly different among treatments. Yield grade, marbling score and quality grade were higher for silymarin group than those of the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, the results suggest that silymarin can be used an effective dietary supplement as an alternative to antibiotic feed additive and a productivity enhancer, providing safe and more consumer acceptable alternative to synthetic compounds during the late fattening period of steers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.491-496
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the fattening period (18, 21, and 24 mon) on the oxidative stability of Holstein beef patties. The ground Holstein steer beef samples (M. longissimus dorsi) were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 12 d and used for lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, myoglobin oxidation, and color measurements. Fat content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 24 mon group than in the 18 mon group. 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content and metmyoglobin concentration were the highest (p<0.05) in the 24 mon group from 8 d of storage. Conjugated dienes content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 21 and 24 mon groups. Carbonyl content was the highest (p<0.05) in the 24 mon group at 12 d of storage. In surface meat color, the CIE $L^*$ value showed a lower level in the 21 and 24 mon groups from 4 d of storage. Although the CIE $a^*$ value was further lowered, the CIE $b^*$ value maintained a higher value in the 24 mon group during storage, compared to the other groups. Therefore, greater fattening period increased lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and myoglobin oxidation in Holstein beef patties. Partially, the 24 mon group had the lowest oxidative stability.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.810-817
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• 2016

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of a high-energy diet on the level of serum metabolites and on carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. High energy diets have been used for enhancing intramuscular adipose tissue in high quality beef cattle. However, there is not much information about the physiological reactions to this diet. We hypothesized that a high energy diet would increase blood metabolites and the meat quality of Hanwoo steers during the early and final fattening periods. A $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement (High, Control, and Early, Final) in a completely randomized design was used to feed 24 Hanwoo steers. Two steers were kept in the same pen and 12 pens were used for the experiment. Blood was drawn from each steer on the first week of every other month from 11 to 28 months. Overall Average Daily Gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were not different between high energy and control diets (p > 0.05). However, Dry Matter Intake (DMI greater with the control diet than DMI with the high energy diet during the final fattening period (p < 0.05). Serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were greater in the control diet group than in the high energy diet group during the final fattening period (p < 0.05). However, serum albumin, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, and phosphorus were greater in the high energy group than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Carcass traits or physico-chemical characteristics were not different between high energy diet treatment and the control. These data indicated that a high energy diet (+ 3% TDN) increased serum triglyceride during early fattening periods and decreased non-esterified fatty acids during final fattening periods in Hanwoo steers.