• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2008

Non-metallic composite overwrap repair methods utilize resin based fiber-reinforced composite materials, which have higher specific strength to weight ratio and stiffness, superior corrosion and fatigue resistance, and substantially reduced weight when compared to carbon steel. Non-metallic repair methods/systems can allow desired functional properties to be achieved at a respectable economic advantage. For example, non-metallic composite repair systems have at least a 50 year design stress of 20 ksi and approximately 25% of the short term tensile strength of fiberglass. For these systems, the contribution of the repaired steel to the load carrying capability need not be considered, as the strength of the repair itself is sufficient to carry the internal pressure. Worldwide experience in the Oil & Gas industry confirms the integrity, durability, inherent permanency, and cost-effectiveness of non-metallic composite repair or rehabilitation systems. A case study of a recent application of a composite repair system in Saudi Aramco resulted in savings of 37% for offshore subsea line and 75% for onshore above grade pipeline job. Maintaining a pipeline can be costly but it is very small in comparison to the cost of a failure. Pipeline proponents must balance maintenance costs with pipeline integrity. The purpose is not just to save money but also to attain a level of safety that is acceptable. This technology involves the use of an epoxy polymer resin based, fiber-reinforced composite sleeve system for rehabilitation and /or repair pipelines.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.106-119
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• 1996

The ceramic has various high mechanical properties such as heat, abrasion, corrosion resistance and high temperature strength compared with metal. It also has low speciffic weight, low thermal expansibillity, low thermal conductivity. However, it could not be used as structural material since it is brittle and difficult for the machining. Therefore, there have been many researches to attempt to join ceramic with metal which is full of ductillity in order to compensate the weakness of ceramic.The problem is that residual stress develops around the joint area while the ceramic/metal joint material is cooled from high joining temperature to room temperature due to remarkable difference of thermal expansion coefficients between ceramic and metal. Especially, the residual stress at both edges of the specimen reduces the strngth of joint to a large amount by forming a singular stress field. In this study, two dimensional finite element method is attempted for the thermal elastic analysis. The joint residual stress of ceramic/metal developed in the cooling process is investigated and the change of joint residual stress resulted from the repetitive heat cycle is also examined. In addition, it is attempted to clarify the joint stress distribution of the case of tensile load and of the case of superposition of residual stress and actual loading stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.539-547
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• 2010

Laser shock peening is useful to improve fatigue characteristic of multiple number of metals and alloys. This process induces a compressive residual stress on the metal surface, and when tensile load is applied, growth of crack is delayed and which changes the characteristic of the metal surface. It is an innovative surface treatment technique for strengthening metals. Specimens of SM45C are used in this study. The effect of an inertial tamping layer on the residual stress field using laser shock peening setup and Nd:YAG laser power is evaluated. Residual stress distribution measured by X-ray diffraction. As a result of this study it can be presented that following condition of Nd:YAG laser power and inertial tamping layer parameters, compressive residual stress is generated on the surface of the SM45C. Results to experimental data indicate that laser shock peening has great potential as a means of improving the mechanical performance of the metal surface.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.59-65
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• 2010

Analysis on turbulence intensity profile depending on wind speed is an important process to set up design condition of wind turbine in terms of fatigue load. This paper tests goodness of fit of turbulence intensity empirical equations suggested by the IEC 61400 Standards with Jejudo Gimnyeong met-tower measurement, which is erected at a seashore. Therefore sea breeze and land breeze coexist. Sea breeze case showed apparent increasing trend of turbulence intensity in a high wind speed regime due to increase of sea surface roughness. However, neither inland wind turbine standard IEC 61400-1 nor offshore wind turbine standard IEC 61400-3 fit such a trend adequately. On the other hand, the modified empirical equation of turbulence intensity of IEC 61400-3 derived from Germany FINO1 application study by considering turbulence intensity behavior in a high wind speed regime showed good agreement with the measurement. Therefore, we can reconfirm and conclude that IEC 61400-3 Ed.1 legislated in 2009 needs to be modified.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2002

Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (FRP) have received significant attention for use in civil infrastructure due to their unique properties, such as the high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness-to-weight ratio, corrosion and fatigue resistance, and tailorability. It is well known that FRP wraps increase the load-carrying capacity and the ductility of reinforced concrete columns. A number of researchers have explored their use for seismic components. The application of concern in the present research is on the use of FRP for corrosion protection of reinforced concrete columns, which is very important in cold-weather and coastal regions. More specifically, this work is intended to give practicing engineers with a more practical procedure for estimating the strength of a deficient column rehabilitated using FRP wrapped columns than those currently available. To achieve this goal, a stress-strain model for FRP wrapped concrete is proposed, which is subsequently used in the development of the moment-curvature relations for FRP wrapped reinforced concrete column sections. A comparison of the proposed stress-strain model to the test results shows good agreement. It has also been found that based on the moment-curvature relations, the balanced moment is no longer a critical moment in the interaction diagram. Besides, the enhancement in the loading capacity in terms of the interaction diagram due to the confinement provided by FRP wraps is also confirmed in this work.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2015

According to SOLAS Regulation XII/6.5.3 and IMO GBS functional requirement(IMO, 2010), the structural redundancy of multi-bay stiffened panel in cargo area of bulk carrier should be provided enough in order to endure the initial design load though one bay of the stiffened panel is damaged due to plastic deformation or fatigue crack. To satisfy structural redundancy, Harmonized Common Structural Rules (hereinafter CSR-H, IACS, 2014) proposed to use 1.15 instead of 1.0 for buckling usage factor of stiffened panel in cargo area. This paper shows that buckling usage factor in CSR-H for structural redundancy is somewhat conservative considering the ultimate strength calculated by using nonlinear FEA for the damaged condition which is only one bay's plastic deformation due to colliding by weigh object like a bucket. Also, this paper presents that increasing of plate thickness only is more effective to get enough structural redundancy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.842-846
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• 2005

A brake disk and a pad are important parts that affect the braking stability of a railway vehicle. Especially, because a brake disk stops the vehicle using conversion of the kinetic energy to frictional energy, thermal fatigue cracks are generated by the cyclic thermal load, as frictional heat, on a frictional surface and these cracks cause the fracture of a brake disk. Therefore, many researches for the thermal stress must be performed to improve the efficiency of brake disk and ensure the braking stability. In this study, we performed the thermal stress analysis for a ventilated brake disk with 3-D analysis model. For that, we simplified the shape of a ventilated hole to minimize problems that could be occurred in analysis process. Thermal stress analysis was performed in case that pressure distributions on a frictional surface is constant and is not. To determine pressure distributions of irregular case, pressure distribution analysis for a frictional surface was carried out. Finally using the results that were obtained through pressure distribution analysis, we carried out thermal stress analysis of each case and investigated the results of thermal stress analysis.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 1987

The propagation and closure behavior of surface crack initiated at a sharply notched specimens were investigated in 5083-H113 aluminium alloy under constant amplitude of tension load by the unloading elastic compliance method. The crack shape (aspect ratio) was found to be approximately semicircular during the crack was being small and to be changed to semi-elliptical during it was being long. The propagation rate of a surface crack initiated from notch root decelerated with increasing crack length when the crack was small and then accelerated when it was large. The effect of stress ratio was large in lower .DELTA.K range, but the effective stress intensity factor range .DELTA.K$_{eff}$ was found to diminish the difference of the crack propagation rate. By considering the increase in crack closure stress with crack length and examining the microphotographs, plasticity-induced and roughness-induced crack closure mechanisms were predominant in the range of this study.y.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.23 no.60
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• pp.37-46
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• 2000

A biomechanical model of lower extremity in seated postures was developed to assess muscular activities of lower extremity involved in a variety of foot pedal operations. The model incorporated four rigid body segments with the twenty-four muscles to represent lower extremity This study deals with quasi-static movement to investigate dynamic movement effect in seated foot operation. It is found that optimization method which has been used for modeling the articulated body segments does not predict the forces generated from biarticular muscles and antagonistic muscles reasonably. So, the revised nonlinear optimization scheme was employed to consider the synergistic effects of biarticular muscles and the antagonistic muscle effects from the stabilization of the joint. For the model validation, three male subjects performed the experiments in which EMG activities of the nine lower extremity muscles were measured. Predicted muscle forces were compared with the corresponding EMG amplitudes and it showed no statistical difference. For the selection of optimal seated posture, a physiological meaningful criterion was developed for muscular load sharing developed. For exertion levels, the transition point of type F motor unit of each muscle is inferred by analyzing the electromyogram at the seated postures. Also, for predetermined seated foot operations exertion levels, the recruitment pattern is identified in the continuous exertion, by analyzing the electromyogram changes due to the accumulated muscle fatigue.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.277-292
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• 2007

Based on the composite finite element simulation and a series of hydrostatic pressure and burst tests, autofrettage effects on strength and deformation of fiber reinforced pressure vessel with metallic liners have been studied in the paper (autofrettage: during the course of one pressure taking effect, the increasing internal stress in metallic liner can surpass the yielding point and the plastic deformation will happen, which result in that when there is no internal pressure, there are press stress in liner while tensile stress in fiber lamination). By making use of a composite finite element Ansys code and a series of experiments, the autofrettage pressure is determined in order to make the aluminium liner be totally in elastic state, under given hydrostatic test pressure. The stress intensity factors of the longitudinal crack in aluminum liner end under internal pressure and thermal loads have been computed and analyzed before and after the autofrettage processing. Through numerical calculation and experiment investigations, it is found that a correct choice for autofrettage pressure can improve the gas-tightness and fatigue strength of FRP vessel.