• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.146-153
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the effects of fruits and stems of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten Makino on water intake, feed intake, body weight, blood glucose level and glucose tolerance in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into non-diabetic control (NC), diabetic control (DC), 8% Opuntia fruit (DOF), 5% Opuntia stem (DO-5) and 10% Opuntia stem (DO-10) groups. Fruits and stems of Opuntia ficus-indica were freeze-dried and ground before use in the experiment. Animals were fed experimental diet for 3 weeks. DOF, DO-5 and DO-10 groups showed lower water and feed intake as well as less body weight loss than DC group. The fasting blood glucose levels were 100 mg/dL for NC and 379 mg/dL for DC. Fasting glucose level of DOF was a significantly low level of 28% (p<0.05), whereas DO-5 and DO-10 had a decrease of 5% and 9% compared to DC. As for the glucose tolerance test, the highest blood glucose levels for NC and DC-10 group were observed at 30 minutes after glucose injection while those of DOF and DO-5 groups were after 60 minutes. DOF and DO-5 plasma insulin level improved. Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were also lower in DOF, DO-5 and DO-10 groups, although HDL-cholesterol level was only slightly affected by experimental diets compared to DC. These results suggest that the feeding of Opuntia ficus-indica fruits and stems improved blood glucose and lipid metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.12
• /
• pp.1727-1733
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bilberry) on chemically induced diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into six groups, control (CON), bilberry added group (CBB), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic group (STZ), STZ and bilberry added group (SBB), high fat fed group (HFF) and high fat and bilberry added group (HFB). Diabetes was chemically induced by intravenous injection of 45 mg/kg body weight STZ in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Serum triglycerides decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the STZ group that was fed bilberry. Additionally, the athrogenic index (AI) decreased significantly (p<0.05) when compared to the STZ group, while the liver triglycerides tended to decrease in the STZ group. HDL-cholesterol also increased significantly in response to bilberry. When compared to the STZ group, steady attenuation of the blood glucose level was observed upon fasting, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min and 120 min after oral glucose administration. The blood glucose level in the bilberry fed group decreased by 24% when compared to STZ group, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) became significantly higher (p<0.05) in the STZ group when compared to the CON group. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bilberry stimulates lipid metabolism in both the serum and liver and has a positive effect on glucose metabolism in chemically induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.501-509
• /
• 2012

The dietary intake of whole grains is known to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In our previous study, hog millet (HM, $Panicum$ $miliaceum$ L.) water extract showed the highest anti-lipogenic activity among nine cereal types in 3T3-L1 cells. In this study, the effect of hog millet water extract on hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high fat diet was investigated. Mice were fed a normal-fat diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD containing 1% or 2% (w/w) HM for 7 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored during the study period. Insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), fasting lipid profile, hepatic fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression determined, and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) were performed at the study's end. The results indicated that 1% and 2% HM diets effectively decreased liver weights, blood TG and T-cholesterol levels (p<0.05), while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased (p<0.05) compared to HFD-induced steatotsis mice. Hepatic lipogenic-related gene ($PPAR{\alpha}$, L-FABP, and SCD1) expressions decreased, whereas lipolysis- related gene (CPT1) expression increased in animals fed the 2% PME diet (p<0.05). In addition, mice fed 1% or 2% HM diet had markedly decreased IGTT and HOMA-IR, compared to the those of the HFD-induced hepatic steatosis control group (p<0.05). These results indicated that HM inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating fatty acid metabolism, and suggested that HM is useful in the chemoprevention or treatment of high fat-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic steatosis-related disorders including hyperlipidemia, glucose sensitivity, and insulin resistance.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.143-146
• /
• 2010

Purpose: Insulin is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and also it's very important because it increases storage of glycogen, synthesis of fatty acids, absorption of amino acid, synthesis of protein. Insulin is clinically useful when we evaluate fasting patients in hypoglycemia, classify and predict diabetes, assess the activity of ${\beta}$-cell, research insulin resistance. We are going to increase usability of insulin assay by establishing normal reference value according to statistical analysis. Material & Method: We selected 6,648 patients who visited asan health medical center from May to August in 2008. We set exclusion criteria as family of diabetes, diabetes medication, the past history of blood glucose rise, more than 100 mg/dL in normal fasting blood glucose, outside the scope of BMI 18.5~22.9 $kg/m^2$, and more than HbA1c 6.5%. We determine whether the subgroup is portioned as sex and age or not and establish normal reference value by conducting statistical analysis as Bayesian's method and Hoffman's method. Result: Portioning of subgroup as sex and age is not needed. By statistical analysis of Bayesian method, results 1.5-11.0 uIU/mL. By statistical analysis of Hoffman method, results 1.8~12.8 uIU/mL. Conclusion: We established 1.8~12.8 uIU/mL as Insulin normal reference value by Hoffman method. This is a similar value with reporting reference value 1.7~11.8 uIU/mL in kit. This will enhance the usability of insulin assay by establishing normal reference value.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.580-592
• /
• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to further investigate the potential health beneficial effects of long-term seaweed supplementation on lipid metabolism and hepatic functions in DIO mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Four brown seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida [UP], Laminaria japonica [LJ], Sargassum fulvellum [SF], or Hizikia fusiforme [HF]) were added to a high fat diet (HFD) at a 5% ratio and supplemented to C57BL/6N mice for 16 weeks. Triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) in the liver, feces, and plasma were measured. Fecal bile acid (BA) levels in feces were monitored. Hepatic insulin signaling- and lipogenesis-related proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the LJ, SF, and HF groups compared to the HFD group by the end of 16-week feeding period. Plasma TG levels and hepatic lipid accumulation were significantly reduced in all 4 seaweed supplemented groups, whereas plasma TC levels were only suppressed in the UP and HF groups compared to the HFD group. Fecal BA levels were significantly elevated by UP, LJ, and SF supplementation compared to HFD feeding only. Lastly, regarding hepatic insulin signaling-related proteins, phosphorylation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase was significantly up-regulated by all 4 types of seaweed, whereas phosphorylation of protein kinase B was up-regulated only in the SF and HF groups. Lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver were effectively down-regulated by HF supplementation in DIO mice. CONCLUSIONS: Brown seaweed consumption showed hypotriglyceridemic effects in the prolonged DIO mouse model. Specifically, combinatory regulation of BA excretion and lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver by seaweed supplementation contributed to the reduction of plasma and hepatic TG levels, which inhibited hyperglycemia in DIO mice. Thus, the discrepant and species-specific functions of brown seaweeds provide novel insights for the selection of future targets for therapeutic agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the effects of scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin) supplementation on insulin resistance and the antioxidant defense system in chronic alcohol-fed rats. Rats were fed a Lieber-Decarli liquid diet containing 5% ethanol with or without two doses of scopoletin (0.01 and 0.05 g/L) for 8 weeks. Pair-fed rats received an isocaloric carbohydrate liquid diet. Chronic alcohol did not affect fasting serum glucose levels, although it induced glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia compared with the pair-fed group and led to insulin resistance. Both doses of scopoletin similarly improved glucose intolerance, serum insulin level, and insulin resistance. Scopoletin supplementation significantly activated phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase, which was inhibited by chronic alcohol. Two doses of scopoletin up-regulated hepatic mRNA expression and activity of glucokinase as well as down-regulated mRNA expression and activity of glucose-6-phosphatase compared with the alcohol control group. Both doses of scopoletin significantly reduced cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activity, resulting in a lower serum acetaldehyde level compared with the alcohol control group. Chronic alcohol suppressed hepatic mRNA expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; however, they were reversed by scopoletin supplementation, which reduced hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxide levels in the liver. These results indicate that dietary scopoletin attenuated chronic alcohol-induced insulin resistance and activated the antioxidant defense system through regulation of hepatic gene expression in glucose and antioxidant metabolism.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2013

Quantities as well as distributions of adipose tissue (AT) are significantly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and can be altered with caloric restriction. This study investigated which cross-sectional slice location of AT is most strongly correlated with changes in CVD risk factors after caloric restriction in obese Korean women. Thirty-three obese pre-menopausal Korean women ($32.4{\pm}8.5$ yrs, BMI $27.1{\pm}2.3\;kg/m^2$) participated in a 12 weeks caloric restriction program. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans at the sites of L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5. Fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), leptin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were observed. Pearson's partial correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between AT measurement sites and changes in CVD risk factors after calorie restriction. When calories were reduced by 350 kcal/day for 12 weeks, body weight (-2.7%), body fat mass (-8.2%), and waist circumference (-5.8%) all decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, following caloric restriction, serum levels of glucose (-4.6%), TC (-6.2%), LDL-C (-5.3%), leptin (-17.6%) and HOMA-IR (-18.2%) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as well. Changes in VAT at the level of L3-L4 were significantly greater than those at other abdominal sites, and these changes were correlated with changes in TC (P < 0.05), LDL-C (P < 0.001), SBP (P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01). These results show that VAT at L3-L4 had a stronger correlation with CVD risk factors than with other AT measurement sites after caloric restriction.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 1986

The Calorimetric experiment was made firstly to measure the difference in energy metabolisms of laying hens among their three different laying periods, secondly to estimate the energy requirements of the layers on their respective laying periods. The laying period was divided into three chronological periods of 25-40, 41-55, and 56-69 weeks old of laying hens, which are refered to as period I, II, and III respectively. 1) The fasting heat production (FHP) of laying hen on the three laying periods were 81.5 Kcal/kg$\^$0.75/ for period I, 72.3 Kcal/kg$\^$0.75/ for perod II, and 97.5 Kcal/kg$\^$0.75/ for perod III. The marked increase in FHP was found in period m, while there was a small difference in FHP between period I and II. The present study have observed among the birds in period in the high degree of plumage defectiveness, and this condition of bird might have accounted for the increase in FHP. 2) The regression equation between ME intake and energy retention (ER) were calculated, and the equations indicated that, for the period I, II, and III, the ME requirements for maintenance (MEm) were 123, 111, and 131 Kcal/kg$\^$0.75/ respectively, and that the Net Availabilities of Metabolizable energy (NAME) were 76, 79, and 74 percent respectively. For the whole laying period measured, MEm was 119 Kcal/kg$\^$0.75/ and NAME was 79 percent. There was a tendancy of higher MEm, and lower NAME during Period III, comparing with period I and II.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.330-336
• /
• 2015

Polycan originating from Aureobasidium pullulans is mostly composed of β-1, 3/1, 6 glucans and possesses an anti-osteoporotic effect. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine the efficacy and safety of the polycan on bone biochemical markers in healthy perimenopausal women. Sixty subjects were randomly allocated to 2 groups-group 1 received 400 mg of polycan and group 2 received placebo-these were administered once daily for 28 days. Fasting blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and 4 weeks after treatment. The primary outcome was change in osteocalcin (OSC) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP). Changes in calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links (CTx), N-telopeptide of collagen cross-links (NTx), and deoxypyridinoline (DPYR) were the secondary outcomes. A safety assessment was performed using adverse event (AE) and laboratory data. After 4 weeks of polycan treatment, OSC, DPYR, and BALP levels changed (P < 0.05) significantly from baseline in both groups. However, no significant differences were observed in any markers between the 2 groups, except for P (P < 0.05). Interestingly, group 2 showed a significant increase in CTx (65.2%, P < 0.05), while CTx in group 1 slightly increased (17.2%). Both groups showed no significant differences in AE. Although 4 weeks of polycan treatment did not have a statistically significant effect on bone metabolism biomarkers, increases in CTx were modestly inhibited by polycan. Further studies in a large population and longer treatment periods are needed to confirm the effect of polycan on bone turnover.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.132-140
• /
• 2003

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soymilk and exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in underweight college women of 19-22 years of age, who had lower bone mass. The BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured for 52 underweight college women. Among them, 33 subjects, whose t-score value was below -1, were selected. Questionnaire survey, anthropometrical measurements, dietary recall, analysis of BMD, fasting serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were conducted before and after the 10 week study. The 33 subjects were divided into 2 groups： soymilk group (n=19), and soymilk ＋ exercise group (n=14). The soymilk group was given 400$m\ell$ soymilk containing 60mg of isoflavones on a daily basis and the soymilk ＋ exercise group exercised three times a week with a daily intake of 400$m\ell$ soymilk for 10 weeks. The average ages of the soymilk group and the soymilk ＋ exercise group were 21.1 years and 20.4 years, respectively and, there were no significant differences between the soymilk group and the soymilk ＋ exercise group in the areas of height, weight or Body Mass Index (BMI). At the baseline, the mean daily energy intake of the soymilk group and the soymilk ＋ exercise group was 1,597.9kcal (79.43％ of RDA) and 1,704.2kcal (85.2％ of RDA), respectively. The mean calcium intake of the soymilk group (408.3mg) was not significantly different from that of the soymilk ＋ exercise group (389.4mg). Despite the 400$m\ell$ soymilk supplementation, there were no significant changes of nutrient intake in either group after treatment. However, there were significant increases in BMD's of lumbar spine and femoral neck in both groups. There were some increases in the serum osteocalcin level and decreases in the urinary deoxypyridinoline level as well. BMD change of the soymilk group was not significantly different from that of the soymilk ＋ exercise group. In conclusion, supplementary intake of soymilk (containing 60mg of isoflavones) resulted in a significant increase in the BMD's of the lumbar spine and femoral neck in underweight college women with low bone mass. However, exercise did not result in any significant changes in the BMD's, implying the necessity for more intensive and specific long-term physical training for any substantial changes. Further investigation is necessary to determine the exercise that most strongly affects BMD.