• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effects of three phytoestrogens, genistein, coumestrol, and enterolactone, in type 2 diabetic animals. Forty male C57BL/KsOlaHsd-db/db mice were used as a diabetic animal model. The animals were divided into four groups and fed a phytoestrogen-free AIN-76 diet (control), or one of three phytoestrogen-supplemented (3.75 mg/100 g diet) AIN-76 diets for six weeks. During the experimental period, fasting blood glucose levels were measured on week 0, 2, 5, and 6 of the experiment, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on the 5th week. After the experimental period, blood concentrations of HbA1c, insulin, and glucagon were measured, and hepatic glycogen content and glucose regulating enzyme activities were analyzed. Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c level, and the area under the blood glucose curve in the oral glucose tolerance test were significantly lower in all of the phytoestrogen-supplemented groups compared to the control group. Plasma glucagon levels were also significantly lower in all of the phytoestrogen-supplemented groups compared to the control group. Hepatic glycogen level was significantly higher in the coumestrol-supplemented group compared to the other groups. However, there were no significant differences in the activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase between the groups. These results suggest that all of the three major phytoestrogens tested in the present study were effective in lowering blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic animals. However, further studies need to be conducted to elucidate the exact mechanism for the hypoglycemic effects of phytoestrogens.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.827-831
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the supplementary effects of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol on the blood glucose level in diabetic mice. We supplied 2 experimental diets (CO without and GO with 0.2% ${\gamma}$-oryzanol) to diabetic mice for 8 weeks. Diet intake, body weight and levels of blood glucose, hemoglobin $A_{lc}$ and insulin were measured. Though there was no significant difference in diet intake between experimental groups, the concentration of fasting blood glucose and blood glucose area from glucose tolerance test in diabetic mice was lower in GO group than CO group during the supplementary period of experimental diets. Hemoglobin Ai, was lower and serum insulin level was higher in GO group than CO group without significance. These results suggest that r-oryzanol decrease the blood glucose level, and ${\gamma}$ -oryzanol produced from residual product of rice may be developed with high value.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.492-501
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the most effective weight training (WT) intensity for the improvement of metabolic syndrome factors in overweight high school students. Sixty overweight high school students were randomly divided into 4 groups (15 subjects/group) according to WT intensity: A group - control group, B group - 40-55% repetition maximum (RM) group, C group - 60-75% RM group, and D group - 80-90% RM group. They exercised between 60-70 minutes a day, three times a week, for eight weeks. In order to determine the most effective WT intensity, five metabolic syndrome factors--waist size, fasting glucose, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and blood pressure--were measured for each subject prior to and after the experiment. Waist size decreased in all exercise groups, but the results were more prominent in the 40-55% RM and 60-75% RM groups. TG levels also decreased in all groups but results were more prominent in the 40-55% RM group. HDL-C levels in the 80-90% RM group were significantly higher than the control group. Groups did not show any significant difference in the diastolic blood pressure, but the 40-55% RM group's systolic blood pressure significantly decreased compared to other groups. Groups did not show significant difference in the fasting glucose level. These results indicate that lower-intensity weight training is generally more effective than the higher-intensity weight training in improving metabolic syndrome factors in overweight high school students and that the most effective WT intensity is 40-55% RM.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.264-269
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Cinnamomi Cortex extract (CC) on hypercholesterolemia induced by Estradiol valerate (EV) in female rats. We investigated the effects of CC on Changes in body weights for 5 weeks. In addition, we examined the effects on fasting blood glucose (FBS) and tested oral glucose tolerance test after oral administration of CC for 5 weeks. We also investigated the effects on levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in serum. Treatment with CC restored weight gain rates suppressed by EV significantly. CC did not affect serum glucose level and glucose tolerance. Levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were lowered by administration of CC compared to EV treated control respectively. These result suggest that CC can lower serum cholesterol level then prevent weight loss induced by EV. We also suggest the possibility as anti-hyperlipidemic agent of CC.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the link between health-related physical fitness level and cardiovascular disease-related risk factors in adult male workers. Methods: We tested cardiovascular disease-related risk factors (waist circumference, SBP, DPB, fasting glucose, TC, HDL-C, TG, LDL-C) and health-related physical fitness ($VO_2max$, grip, Sit-up, Flexibility, Body fat) and divided health-related physical fitness level of the subjects into 3 groups - A (very good, n=56), B (good, n=59), and C (below-average, n=57) according to the criterion of the Health and Fitness counseling guidelines of KOSHA. The statistical techniques such as standard deviation, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression (p<.05) were used. Results: There were significant differences between group C and group B & A (p<.001) in waist circumference, DBP, Fasting glucose, HDL-C, TG, LDL-C. In TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, Group C was higher than group B and A. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, we identified that improvement of health-related physical fitness level positively effects on the decrease of cardiovascular disease-related risk factors.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.605-621
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this review is to assess the efficacy and safety of Hwangryunhaedok-tang for type 2 diabetes without complications by systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: We searched the following up to March 31. 2021: PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, CiNii, KISS, KMBASE, OASIS, ScienceON. Data extraction and assessment of Cochrane's risk of bias (RoB) tool were performed by two independent authors, and if there was disagreement between two researchers, it was resolved through the intervention of a third researcher. Results: A total of seven trials are included in this systemic review. The treatment group (Hwangryunhaedok-tang plus conventional treatment) showed more statistically significant effects than did the control group (conventional treatment only) in fasting plasma glucose level, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose level, glycated hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin level, and HOMA-IR. There was no significant difference between the treatment group (Hwangryunhaedok-tang alone) and the control group (metformin alone). Conclusion: Hwangryunhaedok-tang might have efficacy and safety in controlling blood sugar level and improving insulin-resistance. However, the number of studies included in the meta-analysis was insufficient, and the Hwangryunhaedok-tang used in the included studies was not standardized. Also, the quality of the involved studies was generally low. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of Hwangryunhaedok-tang treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2022

Objective: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress engages the unfolded protein response (UPR) that serves as an important mechanism for modulating hepatic fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. Chronic fasting in mice induced the UPR activation to regulate lipid metabolism. However, there is no direct evidence of whether negative energy balance (NEB) induces ER stress in the liver of cows. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the NEB attributed to feed deprivation and ER stress in bovine hepatocytes. Methods: Blood samples and liver biopsy tissues were collected from 6 non-lactating cows before and after their starvation for 48 h. The blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and glucose level were analyzed. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to explore the regulation of genes associated with UPR and lipid metabolism. Results: The starvation increased the plasma BHBA and NEFA levels and decreased the glucose level. Additionally, the starvation caused significant increases in the mRNA expression level of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) and the protein level of phosphorylated inositol-requiring kinase 1 alpha (p-IRE1α; an upstream protein of XBP1) in the liver. The mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and its target fatty acid oxidation- and ketogenesis-related genes were significantly upregulated by the starvation-mediated NEB. Furthermore, we found that the mRNA expression levels of lipogenic genes were not significantly changed after starvation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that in the initial stage of NEB in dairy cows, the liver coordinates an adaptive response by activating the IRE1 arm of the UPR to enhance ketogenesis, thereby avoiding a fatty liver status.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the adherence to diabetes control recommendations (blood glucose testing, medication, diet, exercise) in patients with type 2 diabetes at home and to analyse the correlation between adherence and blood glucose level. Method: Participants, numbering 214, were recruited from the endocrinology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in an urban city. The data were collected by a self report adherence questionnaire. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography technique and fasting blood glucose was analyzed by the glucose oxidase method. Result: Medication adherence was higher than diet or exercise adherence. The frequency of blood glucose testing was lower for middle school graduates than college graduates. Diet adherence was significantly lower for participants who were obese, who did not have a spouse, and who had hyperglycemia. Medication and diet adherence were negatively correlated with HbA1c. Conclusion: A diet education program should be developed for patients with type 2 diabetes who are obese, who do not have a spouse, and who have hyperglycemia.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2012

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electron transport from fat and carbohydrate oxidation, which is the rate-limiting factor for cellular ATP production. Under altitude hypoxia condition, energy reliance on anaerobic glycolysis increases to compensate for the shortfall caused by reduced fatty acid oxidation [1]. Therefore, training at altitude is expected to strongly influence the human metabolic system, and has the potential to be designed as a non-pharmacological or recreational intervention regimen for correcting diabetes or related metabolic problems. However, most people cannot accommodate high altitude exposure above 4500 M due to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and insulin resistance corresponding to a increased levels of the stress hormones cortisol and catecholamine [2]. Thus, less stringent conditions were evaluated to determine whether glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity could be improved by moderate altitude exposure (below 4000 M). In 2003, we and another group in Austria reported that short-term moderate altitude exposure plus endurance-related physical activity significantly improves glucose tolerance (not fasting glucose) in humans [3,4], which is associated with the improvement in the whole-body insulin sensitivity [5]. With daily hiking at an altitude of approximately 4000 M, glucose tolerance can still be improved but fasting glucose was slightly elevated. Individuals vary widely in their response to altitude challenge. In particular, the improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by prolonged altitude hiking activity is not apparent in those individuals with low baseline DHEA-S concentration [6]. In addition, hematopoietic adaptation against altitude hypoxia can also be impaired in individuals with low DHEA-S. In short-lived mammals like rodents, the DHEA-S level is barely detectable since their adrenal cortex does not appear to produce this steroid [7]. In this model, exercise training recovery under prolonged hypoxia exposure (14-15% oxygen, 8 h per day for 6 weeks) can still improve insulin sensitivity, secondary to an effective suppression of adiposity [8]. Genetically obese rats exhibit hyperinsulinemia (sign of insulin resistance) with up-regulated baseline levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and AS160 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle compared to lean rats. After prolonged hypoxia training, this abnormality can be reversed concomitant with an approximately 50% increase in GLUT4 protein expression. Additionally, prolonged moderate hypoxia training results in decreased diffusion distance of muscle fiber (reduced cross-sectional area) without affecting muscle weight. In humans, moderate hypoxia increases postprandial blood distribution towards skeletal muscle during a training recovery. This physiological response plays a role in the redistribution of fuel storage among important energy storage sites and may explain its potent effect on changing body composition. Conclusion: Prolonged moderate altitude hypoxia (rangingfrom 1700 to 2400 M), but not acute high attitude hypoxia (above 4000 M), can effectively improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance for humans and antagonizes the obese phenotype in animals with a genetic defect. In humans, the magnitude of the improvementvaries widely and correlates with baseline plasma DHEA-S levels. Compared to training at sea-level, training at altitude effectively decreases fat mass in parallel with increased muscle mass. This change may be associated with increased perfusion of insulin and fuel towards skeletal muscle that favors muscle competing postprandial fuel in circulation against adipose tissues.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the difference of metabolic syndrome (MS) risk factors according to the MS diagnosis in the age of fifties women. Methods: Forty-two subjects (non metabolic syndrome 30, metabolic syndrome 12) were recruited from the health promotion center of a tertiary care hospital in an urban city. MS was defined by third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (ATP III), and abdominal obesity was determined by Asia-Pacific criteria in waist circumference. Results: The prevalence of MS by definition of NCEP-ATP III and Asia-Pacific criteria in waist circumference was 28.6% in the age of fifties women. The educational level and the median HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in the MS patient group than in the Non-MS group. The median of weight, triglyceride, and fasting glucose were significantly higher in the MS patient group than in the Non-MS group. Conclusion: These results indicate that the nursing care should be focused on weight, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and fasting glucose of the MS patients in the fifties women.