• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2010

이미 할당된 무선 자원의 고갈과 새로운 무선 서비스에 대한 주파수의 수요 증가는 인지 라디오 기술의 중요성을 부각시키고 있다. 인지 라디오 기술은 기존에 할당되어 사용중인 주파수의 사용 현황을 스캐닝하여 빈 채널 감지 시 해당 채널을 통해 통신하는 개념이다. 이러한 기술을 사용한 인지 라디오 네트워크에서 스펙트럼 센싱의 정확성을 높이고자 다수의 노드에서 센싱하여 종합 판단하는 분산 스펙트럼 센싱 기술이 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 참여하는 센싱노드의 위협 가능성 때문에 해당 메커니즘에서의 안전성 보장 기능이 필수적이다. 이에 센싱노드의 평판값(reputation)을 기반으로 WSPRT(weighted sequential probability ratio test)를 적용하여 센싱 결과들을 퓨전하는 RDSS 메커니즘이 제안되었다. 그러나 RDSS에서는 센싱 결과의 입력순서에 따라 WSPRT 수행 횟수가 늘어날 수 있고, 공격 당한 센싱노드의 센싱값에 대해 빠르게 대처할 수 없다는 단점이 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 평판값이 높은 센싱값부터 우선적으로 WSPRT에 입력하며, 평판값 변화를 트랜드 값으로 계산하고 이를 이용하여 공격가능성을 타진하고 그 가능성이 높은 센싱값인 경우 퓨전에서 배제시켜 빠르게 공격에 대응할 수 있는 메커니즘을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해 본 논문에서 제안한 메커니즘이 RDSS보다 적은 수의 센싱값을 가지고 보다 정확하게 유휴 채널을 감지하여 공격 대응에 우수한 성능을 제공함을 입증하였다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2004

Background and Objectives : Many studies have described and analyzed singer's formant and it has been shown that the epilaryngeal tube in the human airway is responsible for vocal ring, or the singer's formant. A similar phenomenon produced by trained singers in their speech led some authors to examine the speaker's ring. This study was designed to analyze the speaking voice of the singers and speaker's ring. Baterials and Methods : Ten tenors, fifteen baritones, fifteen sopranos and ten mezzo sopranos attending the music college, department of vocal music were chosen for this study. Fifteen male and fifteen female untrained normal speakers were chosen for control group. Each subject was asked to produce a sample of a sustained spoken vowel /ah/ sound for at least five seconds and read sentence 'Kaeul'. The sound data was analyzed using the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) - based power spectrum, Long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the FFT algorithm of the Computerized Speech Lab(CSL, Kay elemetrics, Model 4300B, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS). Results : For LTA Power spectrum of/ah/ sound, a significant increase was seen in the 2,500-3,500Hz region(p<0.01) in four trained singer group compared with untrained speaker group, and a significant increase in the 9,000-10,000Hz region(p<0.01) in soparano group. Similarly, in sentence 'Kaeul', there was a significant increase in energy in the tenor, baritone, mezzo soprano group compared with the untrained speaker group in the 2,500-3,500Hz region(p<0.01), and a significant increase in all frequency region(p<0.01) in the soprano group. Conclusions : The LTA power spectrum suggests that trained singers group show more energy concentration in the 'singer's formant' region in the speaking voice, and authors believe this region to be the 'speaker's ring'. Further research is needed on the effect of singing training on the resonance of the speaking voice.

• 천문학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.49-63
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• 2013

Nonthermal radiation from supernova remnants (SNRs) provides observational evidence and constraints on the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) hypothesis for the origins of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs). Recently it has been recognized that a variety of plasma wave-particle interactions operate at astrophysical shocks and the detailed outcomes of DSA are governed by their complex and nonlinear interrelationships. Here we calculate the energy spectra of CR protons and electrons accelerated at Type Ia SNRs, using time-dependent, DSA simulations with phenomenological models for magnetic field amplification due to CR streaming instabilities, Alf$\acute{e}$enic drift, and free escape boundary. We show that, if scattering centers drift with the Alf$\acute{e}$en speed in the amplified magnetic fields, the CR energy spectrum is steepened and the acceleration efficiency is significantly reduced at strong CR modified SNR shocks. Even with fast Afv$\acute{e}$nic drift, DSA can still be efficient enough to develop a substantial shock precursor due to CR pressure feedback and convert about 20-30% of the SN explosion energy into CRs. Since the high energy end of the CR proton spectrum is composed of the particles that are injected in the early stages, in order to predict nonthermal emissions, especially in X-ray and ${\gamma}-ray$ bands, it is important to follow the time dependent evolution of the shock dynamics, CR injection process, magnetic field amplification, and particle escape. Thus it is crucial to understand the details of these plasma interactions associated with collisionless shocks in successful modeling of nonlinear DSA.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.334-339
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• 2015

Terabit-per-second (Tb/s) transmission capacity for the next generation of long-haul communication networks can be achieved using multicarrier optical super-channel technology. In an elastic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) super-channel transmission system, demultiplexing a portion of an entire spectrum in the form of a subband with minimum power is critically required. A major obstacle to achieving this goal is the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which is power-hungry and extremely expensive. Without a proper ADC that can work with low power, it is unrealistic to design a 100G coherent receiver suitable for a commercially deployable optical network. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is often seen as a primary technique for understanding partial demultiplexing, which can be attained either optically or electronically. If fairly comparable performance can be achieved with an all-optical DFT circuit, then a solution independent of data rate and modulation format can be obtained. In this paper, we investigate two distinct OFDM super-channel receiver models, based on electronic and all-optical DFT-technologies, for partial carrier demultiplexing in a multi-Tb/s transmission system. The performance comparison of the receivers is discussed in terms of bit-error-rate (BER) performance.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.1837-1860
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• 2020

We propose a general framework for studying resource allocation problem and the tradeoff between spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) for downlink traffic in power domain-non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) and device to device (D2D) based heterogeneous cloud radio access networks (H-CRANs) under imperfect channel state information (CSI). The aim is jointly optimize radio remote head (RRH) selection, spectrum allocation and power control, which is formulated as a multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem that can be solved with weighted Tchebycheff method. We propose a low-complexity algorithm to solve user association, spectrum allocation and power coordination separately. We first compute the CSI for RRHs. Then we study allocating the cell users (CUs) and D2D groups to different subchannels by constructing a bipartite graph and Hungrarian algorithm. To solve the power control and EE-SE tradeoff problems, we decompose the target function into two subproblems. Then, we utilize successive convex program approach to lower the computational complexity. Moreover, we use Lagrangian method and KKT conditions to find the global optimum with low complexity, and get a fast convergence by subgradient method. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that by using PD-NOMA technique and H-CRAN with D2D communications, the system gets good EE-SE tradeoff performance.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.589-601
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• 2016

The hybrid grid was adopted and numerical prediction analysis of propeller unsteady bearing force considering free surface was performed for mode and full-scale KCS hull-propeller-rudder system by employing RANS method and VOF model. In order to obtain the propeller velocity under self-propulsion point, firstly, the numerical simulation for self-propulsion test of full-scale ship is carried out. The results show that the scale effect of velocity at self-propulsion point and wake fraction is obvious. Then, the transient two-phase flow calculations are performed for model and full-scale KCS hull-propeller-rudder systems. According to the monitoring data, it is found that the propeller unsteady bearing force is fluctuating periodically over time and full-scale propeller's time-average value is smaller than model-scale's. The frequency spectrum curves are also provided after fast Fourier transform. By analyzing the frequency spectrum data, it is easy to summarize that each component of the propeller bearing force have the same fluctuation frequency and the peak in BFP is maximum. What's more, each component of full-scale bearing force's fluctuation value is bigger than model-scale's except the bending moment coefficient about the Y-axis.

• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제32B권6호
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• pp.909-921
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• 1995

The objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm for a real-time automatic fingerprint recognition system. The algorithm employs the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in determining the directions of ridges in fingerprint images, and utilizes statistical information in recognizing the fingerprints. The information used in fingerprint recognition is based on the dircetions along ridge curves and characteristic points such as core points and delta points. In order to find ridge directions, the algorithm applies the FFT to a small block of the size 8x8 pixels, and decides the directions by interpreting the resulted Fourier spectrum. By using the FFT, the algorithm does not require conventional preprocessing procedures such as smoothing, binarization, thinning, and restorationl. Finally, in matching two fingerprint images, the algorithm searches and compares two kinds of feature blocks, one as the blocks where the dircetions cannot be defined from the Fourier spectrum, and the other as the blocks where the changes of directions become abrupt. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on a SunSparc-2 workstation under the Open Window environment. In the experiment, the proposed algorithm has been applied to a set of fingerprint images obtained by a prism system. The result has shown that while the rate of Type II error - Incorrect recognition of two different fingerprints as the identical fingerprints - is held at 0.0%, the rate of Type I error - Incorrect recognition of two identical fingerprints as the different ones - is 2.2%.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권1A호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 수신기에서 초기동기 탐색에 사용될 수 있는 정합필터에 대해서 연구하였다. 하드웨어기술언어 (HDL)로 표현될 수 있는 단일 데이터 흐름 경로를 갖는 정합필터가 설명되었다. 필터 연산의 처리시간을 개선하기 위해 데이터의 흐름이 이중으로 표현될 수 있도록 식이 정리되고 이와 연관된 하드웨어 모델이 제시되었다. 제안된 모델은 고속 처리를 위해 병렬처리와 파이프라인을 기반으로 하고 일련의 메모리, 곱셈기, 누산기로 구성된 두 개의 데이터 흐름 경로가 평행하게 배열된 구조이다. 제안된 모델에 대해 성능을 분석하였고 단인 데이터 흐름 경로 구조의 정합필터와 비교하였다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.90-94
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• 1996

부호여기된 선형예측(CELP) 음성부호화기는 4.8kbps이하의 낮은 전송 비율에서도 좋은 성능을 갖는다. CELP형 부호기의 단점은 많은 계산량을 필요로 한다는 것이다. 본 논문에서, 우리는 복잡성을 줄이면서 CELP보코더의 음질을 유지하는 새로운 피치검색법을 제안하였다. 이 방법은 CELP보코더의 포만트 필터단에서 찾은 제 1 포만트를 이용하여 예비피치를 찾고, 피치검색을 예비피치 구간에서만 수행하는 것이다. 제안한 방법을 CELP보코더에 적용하므로써, 기존의 방법에 비해 약 64%의 복잡성이 감소되었다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2015

The fast and accurate spectrum sensing over an ultra-wide bandwidth is a big challenge for the radio environment cognition. Considering sparse signal feature, two novel compressed sensing schemes are proposed, which can reduce compressed sampling rate in contrast to the traditional scheme. One algorithm is dynamically adjusting compression ratio based on modulation recognition and identification of symbol rate, which can reduce compression ratio. Furthermore, without priori information of the modulation and symbol rate, another improved algorithm is proposed with the application potential in practice, which does not need to reconstruct the signals. The improved algorithm is divided into two stages, which are the approaching stage and the monitoring stage. The overall sampling rate can be dramatically reduced without the performance deterioration of the spectrum detection compared to the conventional static compressed sampling rate algorithm. Numerous results show that the proposed compressed sensing technique can reduce sampling rate by 35%, with an acceptable detection probability over 0.9.