• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.643-649
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• 2013

The antioxidant activity and amino acid composition of various Cheonggukjang extracts, such as the water extract from Cheonggukjang (CWE), the alcohol extract from Cheonggukjang (CEE), the water extract from Cheonggukjang with black garlic (BWE) and the alcohol extract from Cheonggukjang with black garlic (BEE), were examined to investigate the effect of black garlic on the sensory quality and functional properties of Cheonggukjang. The total polyphenol contents of various extracts were 7.03 mg/100 g (BWE), 3.64 mg/100 g (CWE), 2.88 mg/100 g (BEE) and 0.81 mg/100 g (CEE). The radical scavenging activity of the DPPH radical was highest in BWE (91.83%), followed by BEE (37.35%), CWE (25.54%) and CEE (14.80%), in that order. The SOD-like activity was highest in BWE (20.20%), followed by BEE (9.22%), CWE (7.91%) and CEE (6.45%). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were highest in BWE (35.18%), followed by BEE (28.33%), CWE (17.40%) and CEE ((14.93%). The total amino acid content of Cheonggukjang (CC) was higher than that of Cheonggukjang with black garlic (CCWB), but the essential amino acid content of CCWB (43.18%) was higher than that of CC (42.27%). The 27 kinds of free amino acid were found in CC, but only 23 kinds were found in CCWB. The L-lysine content was highest (9.23%) in CC, and the L-phenylalanine content was highest (23.14%) in CCWB. The free amino acids (L-threonine, L-serine, L-sarcosine, L-proline, L-alanine, L-valine and D,L-${\beta}$-aminoisobutyric acid) were found in CC but not in CCWB. The ${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) was found in CCWB but not in CC. These results suggest that the addition of black garlic has beneficial effects on the functionality of Cheonggukjang without decreasing its sensory characteristics.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-82
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• 2014

It was main objectives to find the learners characteristics and educational effects of cyber agricultural technology courses in RDA. For the research, it was followed by literature reviews and internet based survey methods. In internet based survey, two staged stratified sampling method was adopted from cyber training members database in RDA along with some key word as open course or certificate course, and enrollment years. Instrument was composed through literature reviews about cyber education effects and educational effect factors. And learner characteristics items were added in survey documents. It was sent to sampled persons by e-mail and 316 data was returned via google survey systems. Through the data cleaning, 303 data were analysed by chi-square, t-test and F-test. It's significance level was .05. The results of the research were as followed; First, the respondent was composed of mainly man(77.9%), and monthly income group was mainly 2,000,000 or 3,000,000 won(24%), bachelor degree(48%), fifty or forty age group was shared to 75%, and their job was changed after learning(12.2%). So major respondents' job was not changed. Their major was not mainly agriculture. Learners' learning style were composed of two or more types as concrete-sequential, mixing, abstract-random, so e-learning course should be developed for the students' type. Second, it was attended at 3.2 days a week, 53.53 minutes a class, totally 172.63 minutes a week. They were very eager or generally eager to study, and attended two or more subjects. The cyber education motives was for farming knowledge, personal competency development, job performance enlarging. They selected subjects along with their interest. A subject person couldn't choose more subjects for little time, others, non interesting subject, but more subject persons were for job performance benefits and previous subjects effectiveness. Most learner was finished their subject, but a fourth was not finished for busy (26.7%). And their entrying behavior was not enough to learn e-course and computer or internet using ability was middle level as software using. And they thought RDA cyber course was comfort in non time or space limit, knowledge acquisition, and personal competency development. Cyber learning group was composed of open course only (12.5%), certificate only(25.7%), both(36.3%). Third, satisfaction and academic achievement of e-learning learners were good, and educational service offering for doing job in learning application category was good, but effect of cyber education was not good, especially, agricultural income increasing was not good because major learner group was not farmer, so they couldn't apply their knowledge to farming. And content structure and design, content comprehension, content amount were good. The more learning subject group responded to good in effects, and both open course and certificate course group satisfied more than open course only group. Based on the results, recommendation was offered as cyber course specialization before main course in RDA training system, support staff and faculty enlargement, building blended learning system with local RDA office, introducing cyber tutor system.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2014

The quality and antioxidative characteristics of drinks prepared with different mixing ratios of black garlic and Oenanthe javanica DC., BD-1 (black garlic only), BD-2 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=2:1), BD-3 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:1), and BD-4 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:2), were studied. The pH increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC. extract in all the tested drinks, but the sugar contents decreased. The total polyphenol contents of the drinks were 28.48 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-1), 41.91 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-2), 42.36 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-3), and 46.96 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-4). The SOD-like activity was highest for BD-4 (18.60%), followed by BD-3 (15.53%), BD-2 (12.53%), and BD-1 (10.27%). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was highest for BD-4 (52.51%), followed by BD-3 (45.70%), BD-2 (39.44%), and BD-1 (28.72%). The ferrous ion chelating activity increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC extract, and BD-4 showed the best activities among all the tested drinks. The water-soluble vitamin content (vitamins B1, B2, B6, and C) of BD-4 (1197.77 ${\mu}g/mL$) was higher than those of the other drinks (BD-1, 213.02 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-2, 477.87 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-3, 914.72 ${\mu}g/mL$), and the vitamin C (806.21 ${\mu}g/mL$) content of the water-soluble vitamins at BD-4 was higher than those of vitamins B1 (68.04 ${\mu}g/mL$), B2 (312.51 ${\mu}g/mL$), and B6 (11.01 ${\mu}g/mL$). BD-4 showed the best score in the sensory evaluations, such as in the evaluation of the color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1227-1259
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• 2014

This paper explores agricultural extension systems, extension challenges, research and extension models, governance structures of agricultural extension and advisory services in Sudan. Agricultural extension services in Sudan are provided by a variety of governmental department and corporation. The Technology Transfer and Extension Administration under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, had been launched during mid 2000's aims at making extension systems farmer driven and farmer accountable by way of new institutional arrangements for technology dissemination in the form of community participation approach at the state level, to make the extension reforms have the active participation of farmers/farmer groups. The main problem facing agricultural extension services in developing countries is poor link between extension organization and research. Both extension administration and Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) are operating as departments of ministry of Agricultural and irrigation for very long time. There are three recommendations to achieve the effectiveness of the Agricultural Research Corporations (ARC) in reaching farmers. Firstly, extension staff members should be assigned to every ARC station. Secondly, the ARC might increase positions for Agricultural development specialist or Farming System Research (FSR) specialist. Their role would be to reflect the needed of farmer and translate them to the researchable topics. Thirdly, researcher should conduct more research on farmer's fields.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.153-157
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• 2008

This study was conducted to select some effective organic materials for supplying mineral nutrients at the later red-pepper growing period under organic farming system, and to evaluate the application effect. Nutritional characteristics of organic materials, nitrogen release pattern during liquefying the selected organic materials, and crop growth were examined. Among 18 organic materials, meals such as soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed except for gluten had greater nitrogen content. Total nitrogen content liquefied solution of the mixture of organic materials and molasses or yogurt was measured after 7 days of the liquefying, thereafter, the mixture of rapeseed meal and yogurt showed the highest nitrogen, reaching about $3,000mg\;L^{-1}$. Selected liquid manure, mixture of rapeseed meal and yogurt, was applied 8 times to red-pepper plants with fertigation or foliar application. Total nitrogen of leaves at 150 days after transplanting was the highest (4.4%) in the treatment of foliar application of the selected liquid manure, whereas shoot dry weight and fresh fruit yield were the greatest in the treatment of fertigation.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2020

As the demand for fossil fuels continues to increase worldwide, carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the air has increased over the centuries. The way to reduce CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology have been developed that can be applied to power plants and factories, which are primary emission sources. According to the climate change mitigation policy, direct air capture (DAC) in air, referred to as "negative emission" technology, has a low CO₂ concentration of 0.04%, so it is focused on adsorbent research, unlike conventional CCS technology. In the DAC field, chemical adsorbents using CO₂ absorption, solid absorbents, amine-functionalized materials, and ion exchange resins have been studied. Since the absorbent-based technology requires a high-temperature heat treatment process according to the absorbent regeneration, the membrane-based CO₂ capture system has a great potential Membrane-based system is also expected for indoor CO₂ ventilation systems and immediate CO₂ supply to smart farming systems. CO₂ capture efficiency should be improved through efficient process design and material performance improvement.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the response of the selected aquatic plants to sulfonylurea(SU)-herbicides, which have been used widely in rice-cultivating areas in Korea, and the possibility of using them as bio-indicator species for biodiversity conservation. The aquatic plants identified in Kangwon province where butachlor have been used extensively for many years were much more varied than those in Chonnam where SU-herbicides have been used extensively for many years. The growth responses of Monochoria korsakowii, Marsilea quadrifolia and Salvinia natans to sulfonylurea herbicides such as bensulfuron-methyl(BSM) and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl(PSE), were much more sensitive than those to butachlor and molinate. The $GR_{50}$ values of BSM and PSE for M. korsakowii, M. quadrifolia and S. natans were relatively very low when compared with those of butachlor and molinate. The number of internode and dry weight of M. quadrifolia which was exposed to herbicides runoff from rice fields were seriously affected. The acetolactate synthase(ALS) activities of M. quadrifolia sensitively inhibited by BSM and PSE were, and $I_{50}$(Inhibition 50%) were 5.6 and 2.1 nM, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 2010

This study was performed to compare the quality and volatile components of two cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars (Cheongnakhab, Ipchunakhab)-grown under organic and conventional conditions. The levels of pH and soluble solids in the organic system were similar to those in the conventional system. The hardness of the pulp in the organic cucumbers was slightly higher than that in conventional cucumber regardless of cultivar. However, the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll in organic cucumbers were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in conventional cucumber. The major volatile compound of fresh cucumber was (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal regardless of cultivar and farming system. When classified by the identified components' functional group, the rate of aldehydes was the highest of all samples. The results indicate that the quality and volatile components in organic cucumbers were similar to those in conventional cucumbers except for hardness and chlorophyll contents regardless of cultivar.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.485-490
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• 2008

In this study, organic tea leaves were characterized with the aim of developing an organic beverage process. The green tea leaves grown using organic farming techniques were collected in Haenam, Korea. Catechins in green tea leaves were extracted by chloroform and ethyl acetate and these were then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). The color and pH values of the green tea extracts were also measured. The catechin levels of April-harvested, May-harvested and June-harvested, semi-fermented leaves at 0.5% were 66.24, 29.19, 57.11, and 5.27 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Among the detected catechins, the level of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate was the highest while that of (-)-epigallocatechin was not detected. The June-harvested leaves were selected as raw material for development of the green tea beverage, based on the levels of catechins, economic viability and yield of tea extract. As the level of extract increased, the levels of catechins of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5% also increased by 1.5, 11.78 and 41.01 times. From the results of the sensory evaluation of June-harvested leaf-extract, the sensory score of color was the highest in 0.1%, while the flavor and overall quality were the highest in 0.2%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2012

This study was aimed to analyze the water quality characteristics of the Hwapocheon Stream and to be utilized in the further related research. Water in the upper stream became a dammed pool due to the existence of 14 weirs, and pollutants such as both sewage and irrigation water were introduced into the mainstream passing through farming settlements and agricultural land. For these reasons, filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.) bloomed at the bottom of the dammed pool. Also in the midstream and downstream, tributaries with high pollutant concentrations [e.g., Comocheon (T3) and Yongdeokcheon (T8)] were inflowed, and had a negative impact on water quality of the mainstream, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. In the Hwapocheon Stream, dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased, and suspended solid (SS) increased toward the downstream. The result showed that hydraulic retention time, SS, COD, and concentration of $NH_4{^+}$ were important water quality factors of the Hwapocheon Stream. The high concentration of benthic organic matter and rich in attached algae in the core of Hwapo-wetland were expected to give impact on the water quality of the mainstream. In the spatial manner, water quality showed increasing trend in the weir zone, and it was constant or decreased trend in wetland. In the seasonal manner, the nutrient concentrations were high in the winter dry season, however, the organic matter concentrations were high in spring and summer. Generally, the concentrations of phytoplankton value were $40{\mu}g\;chl-{\alpha}/L$ or less in all reaches except for the high concentrations in the weir and wetland area in June.