• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.45-71
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• 2001

The duck-rice forming system is increasingly spread up throughout Korea since 1992. It is discussed the rice field, rice quality, weed and pest management in the duck-rice weeding system compared to conventional farming system. Moreover the optimizing duck population, system management and fertilizer application rate were reported. Energy input and output by duck-rice farming system were carefully compared with those of low input sustainable paddy field and conventional farming paddy field. To find out the environmentally sound function of duck-rice system, the total nitrogen in paddy soil and paddy water, and nitrogen cycle in paddy rice cultivation system were analysed. finally the input and output were calculated, and ecological characteristic were determined in terms of nitrogen balance, labor input, animal input, renewable energy input, turnover of soil organic matter, energy loss, non-renewable indirect and direct energy input. It was concluded duck-rice weeding system could be recommended in terms of net only environmentally sound, but also farmer's income. But there are still some research needs for successful adaption of duck-rice farming to investigate to determine the optimal population of duck in rice paddy field unit, release time of duckling, duck management after release, and strategy for duck marketing and duck processing.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.spc
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• pp.57-61
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• 2009

To clarify the impact of the rice-duck farming system on the regional environment and the surrounding, a case study was carried out at Hongdong Reservoir valley of Hongdong-myeon and Janggok-myeon, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do where the density of livestock grazing is the highest and rice cultivation with the rice-duck farming system is extensively practiced. The soil characteristics and water qualities at paddy fields were compared between two rice cultivation methods of rice-duck farming system and conventional farming system. The organic matters and available phosphate contents in soil of paddy fields where the rice-duck farming system was practiced were higher than those of paddy fields where conventional farming system was practiced. However, the available phosphate content was lower than the optimum for rice cultivation and the mean concentration of paddy soil in Korea. The surface water quality of the paddy field with the rice-duck farming system was practiced had higher EC (137 %), $COD_{Cr}$ (220 %), T-N (172 %), and T-P (226 %) contents than that with the conventional farming system was practiced. Especially, $COD_{Cr}$ and T-P were more than 2 times higher, which tells that the possibility of water pollution by drainage water of paddy field is higher in the paddy fields with the rice-duck farming system practiced than in those with the conventional farming practiced. The higher contents of T-P and $COD_{Cr}$ in surface water at the paddy field of rice-duck farming system practiced were directly caused by soil particles in the muddy water. Consequently, it is necessary to thoroughly manage the irrigation and drainage system of rice-duck farming system practiced to prevent outflow of surface water from paddy and pollution of surrounding water system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.149-165
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• 1996

In order to get some basic datas on environmental friendly funtion against soil and water pollution and safe vegetable production by organic farming, chemical characteristics of soils cultivated by the conventional farming, greengouse cultivation and organic farming and acumulation of NO3--N in chinese cabbage and lettuce were analysed. The highest value of NO3--N in 0-30cm subsoil of organic farming was found among the 3 different farming systems, and it was 3.6 and 6.6 times higher than those of conventional farming in chinese cabbage and lettuce respectively. P2O5 also show high accumulation in the rhizosphere of organic farming compared to convnetional farming. The accumulation of NO3--N and P2O5 in the rhizosphere of organic farming were simial to those of greenhouse cultivation. The NO3- accumulation in chinese cabbage and lettuce by organic farming reach 3224ppm in chinese cabbage and 2543ppm in lettuce and it were 4.7 and 6.4 times higher than those of convnetional farming. It is urgently necessary to introduce the basic standard of IFOAM, EU and FAO/WHO Codex on organic agriculture into korean organic agriculture for operation of environmental friendly system and production of safe vegetable in terms of NO3-.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.122-128
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• 2014

This study aims to determine the difference in profitability of Allium victorialis farming system between on-field and under-forest, and to propose several better ways for development of under-forest farming system of Allium victorialis. Survey was conducted 12 farmer in Gangwon, Chungnam, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk to investigate production cost, management cost, input labors and so on. In this study, IRR, B/C ratio and NPV were used for profitability analysis. The result applied 25,000 won for under-forest farming system and 15,000 won for on-field farming system as unit price of sale showed IRR 36.2% and 54.2% respectively. The profitability of Allium victorialis from under-forest farm was not lower than other non timber forest products. And it will be possible to create high profitability such like that of Allium victorialis from on-field farm, providing the technical development for intensive farming is supported.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

This study is aimed comparative analysis for business performance of land-based ezo abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) seed farms by standardizing cost structures by region and farming size. The result of survey on average farming incomes by region showed that farming incomes in Haenam and Jindo regions were much higher than those in other regions. Followed by Wando region, incomes in other regions were analyzed to be relatively lower. It is shown that farming incomes became higher as farm size increased. Farming incomes per unit size which were modified from farming incomes by region were highest in Jindo region, followed by East sea region, Wando and Haenam regions. Incomes in Jeju and Yeosu regions were analyzed to be relatively lower. Results on farming incomes per unit size ($m^2$) showed that both farming incomes and profits became higher as size increased. It implies that a scale effectiveness might exist in case of land-based abalone culture system. Impacts of major factors on farming profits and returns on investment in abalone seed aquaculture are summarized as follow. First, only if the survival rate increased by 10% with improvement of component ratio, variable effects became largest. In variable effects of other factors, a variation in Jindo region was largest and on the other hand, a variation in Yeosu region was shown to be smallest.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1995

Some devices of sustaining the small scale farming in the changing social and economic conditions in which comparative disadvantages are evidently to be experienced in the near future, are becoming a central proposition in the Korean agriculture. In this connection, development of integrated activities in farming among individual farmers within a region may be an important device of overcoming prevailing limits of resource possession and use of individual farmers. These inter-farm or inter-group cooperation and integration can be promoted through establishing efficient cooperative system within a farming district. This study was undertaken to find facts pertaining to situations leading to successful performence of cooperative systems in group farming. In this study, The case in Cheunee Myun, Yungi-Gun, Chungchungnam-Do in which farming is specialized in production of so called "organic farming products" and farmers are integrated for increasing their productivity.ductivity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.474-481
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• 1996

Farm mechanization has been rapidly progressed in rice farming since the 1980's, in Korea. The mechanization has been achieved up to 95-97% in the year of 1995, except irrigation and drying process. However, rice production cost remains much more expensive than the cost of other rice farming countries. Since labor cost shares a major portion of the production costs, it is essential to save labor cost with automation and more sophisticated mechanization. However, it requires great capital investment which causes farm management worse. Therefore, the computer program was developed which can select machines to minimize the management and maintenance cost by analyzing available working days in different areas, machinery to purchase, farming size, total farming size in a village, number of machines and custom fee.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to introduce the history and development of German organic farming(Bio-dynamic Agriculture and organic agriculture) which has a worldwide reputation and initiative in organic agriculture. And also the organization of organic producer's or farmer's group such as AGOL, POB, OSL, ALOG & Schweisfurth Stiftung and its regional distribution, the basic standard of organic farming and certification system for organic food, an actual cultivated area for organic forming and organic livestock were also shortly reported. The government subsidizing programmes and Agenda 2000, the extension services for organic farming by government and private level, the research activities of organic agriculture by governmental research body(FAL) and universities, the education system for organic agriculture in the German universities(University of Bonn, Gesamthochschule Kassel, University of Hohenheim, University of Gie$\beta$en and etc) were also explained. In the conclusion it was suggested several issues what should be considered to facilitate an organic farming in Korea in the view of organic production, marketing, distributing, extension and organic processing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.248-265
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• 2001

Recently, agriculture in Korea is seriously depressed by economic globalization and trade liberalization because of low competitive power. Organic farming, which is favorable for small scale agriculture, is expected to be one of alternatives to boost agricultural activities in Korea. Organic agriculture requires systemic developments of new technologies considering the complex biological interaction within the system in connection with high quality and safety standard. The National Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology(NIAST) has been worked on the series of organic farming technologies, including bio-pesticides, pheromone, natural enemies as well as the testings of materials used in organic farming. NIAST will concentrate on the technological development for compromising to the conflict between commodity-oriented and ecological harmony. Research on systemic land and water use, management of plant nutrition, pest and disease control, post-harvest would also be important targets. Integrated efforts among researchers, professors, administrators, farmers, private sectors, and extension workers are substantial for fast technology development and its dissemination. Development and use of these technologies will homely enlighten the Korean organic farming although it may require quite a time and endeavor.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.475-490
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg-$CO_2$ for oystershells, 0.004692kg-$CO_2$ for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-$CO_2$ for bordeaux mixture liquid.