• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.613-630
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• 2013

This study attempts to analyze the spatial characteristics of organic agriculture in Korea during the period of 2000~2010, focusing on women's labor contribution to agricultural operations. Spatial distribution and concentration of organic farming have been investigated using Location Quotient(LQ) and Local Indicator of Spatial Association(LISA), it was found that the specialized organic farmland in the Seoul Metropolitan area has decreased significantly over the past decade, while in Chungnam and Kyungpook province it has been rapid growth in the same period. Multilinear regression analysis was also carried out to find out whether the spatial clusters in organic farming depends on women farmers. Results describing the correlation between organic farming and women farmers within identified clusters suggest that the possibility of the transition towards sustainable agriculture and farmland restructuring in Korea, by women.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to deduce dwelling selection criterion and to consider change of values and consciousness of dwelling on people who return to farming & going to village. For that, questionnaire of evaluation of housing choice is conducted by people who return to farming & going to village in Jellanam-do by the AHP. The results are as follows. First, four factors as the primary hierarchy structure and 12 factors as the secondary hierarchy structure of dwelling selection criterion are deduced. The primary hierarchy are "education environment", "economic & Convenience in life", "residence safety and image", and "economic value". Second, weight value deduced from the primary hierarchy structure is showed that "economic & convenience in life(0.345)" is the highest and next is "education environment(0.262)". "Residence safety and image(0.237)", and e "economic value(0.157)" is relatively low(C.I. 0.213). Third, for the secondary hierarchy structure, the case of life convenience is showed that economic condition(0.403) is the highest, the case of educational condition is showed that education facilities(0.479), the case of residence safety and image is showed that residence area(0.490) is the highest, and the case of economic importance is showed that financial technology(0.470) is the highest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2021

As the measures for solving problems of modern city and farming & fishing villages through mutual cooperation and complementation, this study aims to present an integrated rural area development model by changing the farming & fishing villages from a food production-focused space to a service space for the whole nation including urban residents, into the direction of creating new vitality and jobs in farming & fishing villages. In order to establish a service space that could increase the life quality and happiness of the people, this study presented the K-FARM framework types that would integrate and arrange total four themes such as rental farm, experience farm, stay farm, and management farm. In case when this K-FARM framework is applied to rural areas adjacent to cities, especially farming & fishing villages around innovative cities, there would be great effects such as expansion of exchanges between public institutions and local residents of innovative cities. Especially, the theme model classified into four types could be applied suitable for the characteristics of farming & fishing village development project district that is currently operated. Meanwhile, to realize the construction of K-FARM framework, on top of demand analysis of rental farm, it would be also necessary to additionally analyze the urban residents' demand for experience farm and management farm.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2003

Iron deficiency and anemia are severe nutrition problems in most of Korea. Iron intake, especially iron with better bioavailability is insufficient over a total age group. Recent changes in diet and life style of Koreans have been repeatedly suggested problems caused by excess nutrient intake rather than under intake. Despite the changes in diet patterns, iron deficient anemia is still prevalent in many parts of Korea. Eight hundred and fifty subjects (323 male and 527 female subjects) in Asan were recruited from farming, factory and urban area. Each subject was interviewed to assess nutrients intakes according to a 24hr-recall method. Twelve hour fasting blood samples were collected to vacutainer with EDTA for hemoglobin (Hb) and separate the tubes for serum iron (SI) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). The mean serum iron value of female subjects in the factory area was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the female subjects in the urban area although subjects in urban area showed significantly higher the dietary iron intake for both the men and woman (p < 0.05). Dietary iron intake for the younger women was lowest in the farming area and those in the urban area showed the highest dietary iron intake (p < 0.05). When the dietary iron intake was compared by different the age groups, dietary iron intake of the older women from animal sources was less than that of younger women in the urban area (p < 0.05). Dietary iron intake of Asan residents was not sufficient regardless of age, sex and regions and intake of heme iron was especially lower than nonheme iron. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 37∼43, 2003)

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2015

Purpose: This research suggests a method of establishing criteria for working area and operating cost for a long-term lease of agricultural machinery. Methods: Eight crops were selected-three food crops and five open-field vegetables-and agricultural machines used for sowing, transplanting, and cultivation in dry-field farming were analyzed. Results: The break-even acreage for agricultural machinery under a long-term lease was found to differ by agricultural machine, ranging from 1.0 to 5.8 ha. In terms of arable land area, the break-even acreages for harvesting machinery and transplanters were 15.6 to 26.1 ha and 6.1 to 8.6 ha, respectively. The working area lessees should secure was divided into two cases: (1) 2.0 to 11.6 ha when leasing individual agricultural machines (sowing and transplanting) for a long-term period, and (2) more than 10 ha when farmers who cultivate beans, potatoes, garlic, onions, and so on lease sowing and transplanting machines as a set. When agricultural machinery was leased for a long term, the operating cost and working time were reduced by 27.6 to 74.4% and 2.5 to 21.6%, respectively, indicating considerable effect. Conclusions: A long-term lease project needs to be promoted to overcome the limitation of short-term leases of agricultural machinery. The local government should lead this project and facilitate the mechanization of dry-field farming. The department in charge of agricultural machinery lease projects needs to set the working area to cover the rate and maintenance cost for farmers who lease agricultural machinery for the long term.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2018

Vertical farming systems offer many advantages in urban spaces. They have also been proposed as an engineering solution to increase the productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production in the vertical dimension. However, soil water retention is a major constraint affecting the plant environment. This study analyzed the effects of growth environment of Tropaeolum majus and Fragaria spp., on the vertical farming system, by using four different types of cover material types including sphagnum moss (Control), a shading net (S.N.), multi-layered fabric (M.L.F.), and non-woven fabric (N.W.F.). The volumetric soil moisture contents and plant characteristics were investigated from May to September 2014. Plant materials were individually cultivated in hanging baskets measuring $30{\times}17{\times}17cm$, filled with a mixture of soil and perlite, and placed at 1.5m height. Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate and consisted of five plants, amounting to a total of 20 plants. The analysis indicated that different covers were associated with multiple functions and soil water retention improvements may have a positive impact on the vertical farming system. The difference in soil water retention increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N.. Furthermore, the differences in plant height and survival rate increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N. Therefore, M.L.F yielded satisfactory good response for the vertical farming system of cover materials. Our results clearly demonstrate that vertical spaces represent an attractive alternative to urban farming and suggest that further increases in yield may be achieved via different cover materials in vertical farming using hanging baskets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2020

Up to date, the majority research on the major landscape elements in organic farming has been mainly focused on the practice of seeking efficiency. The problem is that this type of study contributes to polluting the agricultural environment and damaging the ecological circulation system. As an alternative, there is a growing body of research on organic farming, but it is not widely applied that research on how to manage the landscape considering the scenic characteristics of farming villages practicing organic farming. Therefore, this study was carried out in the conservative aspects of rural landscapes in order to effectively manage the landscape of organic agriculture and, intended to be used to maintain and preserve natural and ecologically harmonious landscapes by deriving management methods suitable for landscape elements targeting the major landscape elements of the organic farming complex. To carry out, this study performed the experts survey which is composed of 13 major landscape elements, including rice paddies and fields, monoculture and diverse crops, dirt roads, windbreak trees, accent planting, dum-bung(small pond), natural small river, natural waterways, plastic film houses, one-storied houses, and pavilion. As a result, Farm land was formed in a square shape, concentrated in an independent space, planted companion plants around the crop, and covered with plants to manage the borders. As for the surrounding environment, it was analyzed that the aspart road system circulating through the village, the evergreen broad-leaved windbreak forest around the cultivated land, and the accent plant located at the entrance of the village were suitable. The hydrological environment consists of Round small pond made of stone in an open space, natural rivers around the village, and natural channels around the farmland, and The Major facilities are suitable for greenhouses that are shielded by plants in independent regions, and wooden duck houses located inside the cultivation area are suitable and The settlement facilities were analyzed to be suitable for single-story brick houses located in independent residential areas, pavilion located with greenery in the center of the village, and educational spaces shielded with wood from arable land. If supplementary evaluation criteria suitable for the management of organic farming landscape are additionally supplemented based on the results derived from this study, It is expected to enhance the landscape value of ecologically superior organic farming.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.spc
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• pp.57-61
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• 2009

To clarify the impact of the rice-duck farming system on the regional environment and the surrounding, a case study was carried out at Hongdong Reservoir valley of Hongdong-myeon and Janggok-myeon, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do where the density of livestock grazing is the highest and rice cultivation with the rice-duck farming system is extensively practiced. The soil characteristics and water qualities at paddy fields were compared between two rice cultivation methods of rice-duck farming system and conventional farming system. The organic matters and available phosphate contents in soil of paddy fields where the rice-duck farming system was practiced were higher than those of paddy fields where conventional farming system was practiced. However, the available phosphate content was lower than the optimum for rice cultivation and the mean concentration of paddy soil in Korea. The surface water quality of the paddy field with the rice-duck farming system was practiced had higher EC (137 %), $COD_{Cr}$ (220 %), T-N (172 %), and T-P (226 %) contents than that with the conventional farming system was practiced. Especially, $COD_{Cr}$ and T-P were more than 2 times higher, which tells that the possibility of water pollution by drainage water of paddy field is higher in the paddy fields with the rice-duck farming system practiced than in those with the conventional farming practiced. The higher contents of T-P and $COD_{Cr}$ in surface water at the paddy field of rice-duck farming system practiced were directly caused by soil particles in the muddy water. Consequently, it is necessary to thoroughly manage the irrigation and drainage system of rice-duck farming system practiced to prevent outflow of surface water from paddy and pollution of surrounding water system.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.2349-2371
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• 1971

1. The historical development of the agriculture in Korea is observed and the future of Korean agriculture is suggested with present situation in order to recommend a direction of policy in agricultural mechanization. 2. A factor analysis of agricultural mechanization The needs of agricultural mechanization in the view of both national need and the armer's desire under the present situation are analyzed with data from the various sources. The researcher found that the agricultural mechanization is badly needed to develop prospective Korean agriculture to future. 3. The direction of agricultural mechanization. It can be said that the position of agriculture in the national economy plays a very important role. This importance should not be ignored by the Politicians in their process of developing long range economy plan. The agricultural mechanization for the modernized Korean agriculture should be directed to increase the most effective results with minimize the least sacrifice. The merry tiller is recommended to the main agricultural machinery in Korea in order to meet its small farming operation un-its(or farm size). Tractor is recommended in the plain area for the crop cultivation. The cooperative cultivation for rice and the upland crops will be developed in the plain area. Tractor, therefore, is recommended for the main agricultural machinery in these areas. Either tractor or merry tiller is recommended to the orchard area by its operating size of the orchard. The researcher also disoussed about the development of animal husbandry on the farm with increasing the farm size in order to develop meadow and pasture nuder the consideration of both the improvement of food consumption and the comprehensive development of national resources. 4. Relationship between the Performance of various agricultural machinery and the economic scale. Because of the agricultural machinery needs an expensive fixed expense(fixed cost) the total expense Per ha of the fixed expense and the operation expense should less than the traditional expense Per Dan Bo with in creased corpgiclds Per Dan Bo. Since the anual fixed expense of the agricultural machinery is figured out by the durability the more the farm size the less fixed expense of machinery is required. The formula of this principle is as follows; fixed expense for Dan Bo=Fixed expense of agricultural machinery farm size(or farming scale) The breaking-even point is the balance point between the expense of the using agricultural machinery and the traditional farming expenses. Labor cost of the Dan Bo is increasing when the management scale increases by the tradititional farming while the machanized management decrease the management cost Per Dan Bo. The reseracher found that the distribution of agricultural machinery will be the adeventeous after the year of 1981 by the result of frguring out the breaking-even point. 5. The Investigate and the conclusion. The purpose of this study is found out the direction of agricultural machanization and the breaking-even point of various agricultural machinery, there for is found out effective of the using various agricultural machinery for Collection cutter, Binder, Footing thresser, Semi-power thresser, Power thresser, Combine, Power rice-Trans-Planter, etc.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2012

This study is to assess the reduction of nonpoint source pollution by applying Best Management Practice (BMP) in Chungju-dam watershed (6,585.1 $km^2$) using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model was calibrated using 3 years (1998-2000) daily streamflow at 3 locations and monthly water quality of sediment (SS), total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) data at 2 locations and validated for another 3 years (2001-2003) data. The 5 BMPs of streambank stabilization, porous gully plugs, recharge structures, terrace, and contour farming were applied to stream and area with the specific criteria of previous researches. Through the parameter sensitivity analysis, the farming practice P-factor and Manning's roughness of stream were sensitive. Overall, the NPS reduction effect was high for streambank stabilization, terrace, and contour farming. At the watershed outlet, the SS, T-P, and T-N were reduced by 64.4 %, 62.8 % and 17.6 % respectively.