• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.182-200
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• 2004

Purpose: This study is to explore the essence of those lives who have been living with their mothers- in- law for more than 10years since their marriage by applying Van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological methodology. It consists of four steps such as concentration on the nature of lived experience, existential research, hermeneutic phenomenological reflection and hermeneutic phenomenological writing. Method: Six middle aged participants who have been living with mothers- in- law in middle size of cities were interviewed and observed with their written consent for one month from 20, April. 2000 to 20 May 2000. To expand insight by analyzing sayings, folks stories, writings, etymology of sigipsalee relevant to it were collected and reviewed. Result: Five essential themes were derived by repeated reviewing the transcription of those interview such as difficulty living with endless heart distress, feeling oppressed, feeling deeply lonely, having a stronger backing as time passes, in turn harmonizing with each other. On the basis of the five essential theme hermeneutic phenomenological writing was done as follow. Participants lived lives filled with uneasy feeling from the newly formed relationship among in laws but especially with mothers- in- law. Participants did their best to be acknowledged found that at a significant moment during family event they would be treated as strangers so that they felt isolated and alone. Mothers in laws played a dominant role in most of family decision even buying their children's clothes. Mother in laws rarely complemented them so that they felt inferior as a person. As time passes. Mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law become adjusted to this lifestyle with each other and assumed a more mature relationship which includes a mutual respect thus better harmony. Participants become to have stronger backing so that they express their opinion to mothers-inlaw. With time both of them are getting old, participants show form of pity to their mothers-in- law. Sometimes participant surprise themselves by noticing a change in their behavior to the same pattern Mothers-in-law have showed them. Conclusion: Although generalizations have limitations, findings resulting from the study will enrich family nursing knowledge and understanding the problems when living with mothers-in- law in the same house. It will give a cleared view of problems faced by middle aged korean women in the Korean patriarchal culture. Researchers have recommended to study experiences of married young adult korean women's generation and the findings compared with this study to show trends and changes.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.439-452
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• 1997

Mothers of handicapped children experience many problems and difficulties related to the child's prolonged dependency and demands for special care. Social support can be identified as stress-relieving factor, social support is considered to decrease the amount of negativeness in an individual or family. This study attempted to identify the level of burden and social support in mothers of children who are handicapped, and to determine whether social support is an effective strategy for burden relief in these mothers. The method used in the study was a correlational descriptive survey using a questionnaire. The subjects for the study were 42 mothers who have the handicapped children, between two to twelve years of age, being treated at S General Welfare House for Handicapped and S Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. The data were collected during 1 month from March 20 to April 20, 1996. The instruments used for this study was a structured questionnaire which was the Burden scale developed by Suh Mihae and Oh Kasil(1993) and the PRQ(Personal Resource Questionnaire) scale developed by Brandt & Weinert(1981). The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS computer program, yielding frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, $x^{2}$-test, Pearson's correlation coefficienct, t-test and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows ; 1)The range of age in the subjects was $29{\sim}44$ years, the range age in the handicapped children was $2{\sim}12$ years. 2) The mean score of burden, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 2.75(standard deviation was 0.47) of a possible total of 5. 3) The mean score of social support, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 4.99 (standard deviation was 0.59) of a possible total of 7. 4) There was an negative correlations hip between burden level and the social support, but there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support(r = -.2252, p = .076) 5) In the general characteristics influencing on the burden level was significantly related with the sex(t = - 2.87, p = .007) and the degree of child's handicap level(F = 11.8680, p = .000l). In the general characteristics influencing on the social support was significantly related with the family(husband) support(F = 3.5199, p = .0240). There were significant differences in the mother's levels of burden depending upon the severity of child's handicap. In other words, the degree of mother's burden was directly proportionate to the degree of child's handicap level. There were significant differences in the mother's levels of social support depending upon the family(husband) support. In conclusion, on the basis of the results of this study, there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support. Above results suggest that strategies for the intervention programs in diminishing the mother's burden and reinforcing the social support.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.293-309
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to compare the level of health-related quality of life and relating factor between institutional elderly and community living elderly. The subjects were 390 from Sanatorium or Nursing home and 467 from the community in Kwangju. The results are followed : 1) A comparison of ADL between two groups, institutional elderly and community living elderly, resulted in that community elderly were more significantly independent in the areas of bathing and transfer than institutional elderly. 2) A comparison of IADL between two groups resulted in that : Community elderly were more independent in the areas of using telephone and transportation, food preparation, house keeping, and doing laundry. Institutional elderly were more independent in the area of handling finances. 3) In the case of poor health-related quality of life, institutional elderly showed 2.4 times in the dimension of physical fitness, 1.8 times in daily activity, 2 times in social activity, 2 times in pain, 26.7 times in social support, and 0.4 times in subjective quality of life higher than community elderly There was no significant differences in the rest of dimensions. 4) In institutional elderly, the analysis of variables related to the health-related quality of life resulted in that; The relating factors were sex, education, and chronic illness in the dimension of physical function. Direct contact with family or significant others in the dimension of social activity. Chronic illness in the dimension of pain and perceived health status. Direct or indirect contact with family or significant others over the phone or through letters in the dimension of social support. 5) The analysis of variables related to the health-related quality of life showed that community elderly has more relating variables in each area than institutional elderly. The relating factors were age, sex, and chronic illness in the dimension of physical function. Education and chronic illness in the dimension of emotional status. Age and chronic illness in the dimension of daily activity and social activity Education and chronic illness in the dimension of pain and perceived health status. Sex, education, family size in the dimension of social support. Education and chronic illness in the dimension of subjective quality-of-life. Throughout general daily activity, community elderly showed more satisfactory results than institutional elderly, but in the subjective area of health-related quality of life, such as subjective quality of life, institutional elderly group showed more positive results. And community elderly had more relating factors than institutional elderly. For the health care of the elderly that focused on quality of life, new approaches considering the characteristics of both group, institutional and community living elderly, are needed.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2004

현대의학의 급속한 발전에도 불구하고 암은 아직도 인간에게 건강과 생명을 위협하는 주요인의 질환으로 인식되고 있다. 암은 세포조직의 과잉성장으로 인해 발생하는 악성종양으로 성별이나 연령에 관계없이 신체 어느 부분이나 발생하여 죽음에 이르게 하는 불치의 병으로 간주되고 있다. 암환자들이 치료를 받는 기간동안 겪게 되는 문제들은 심리적으로 우울하고, 죽음에 대한 불안감이 나타나며, 자아 존중감의 상실을 경험하게 된다. 방사선 치료를 받는 암환자는 대부분 수술이나 화학요법과 더불어 추가적으로 방사선치료를 병행하는 것으로 알려져 있어, 방사선 치료를 받는 환자는 신체적 고통뿐만 아니라 경제적이나 심리적으로 불안하고, 치료에 대한 부담감이 더욱 가중되어 환자에 대한 심리상태의 안정이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 인간의 질병에 대한 치료는 신체적 치료와 심리정서적 치료를 병행하여 시행함으로써 좀더 완전하고 효율적인 전인치료가 되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 방사선치료를 받는 암환자의 특성과 사회적 지지에 따른 심리상태를 확인하여 환자의 전인치료를 위한 기초 자료로 제공하고자 실시하였다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2001

우리나라의 농촌에서는 산업화와 밀접히 연관되면서 시설작물의 재배가 증가해 왔고, 특히 1970년대 이후에는 대도시 주변지역에서 급격히 증가해 왔다. 개별농가의 영농유형은 농업노동력의 양보다는 질적 수준과 관련이 있으며, 노동력의 질적 수준에서는 특히 경영주의 연령이 중요하다. 경영규모는 경영주의 연령과 관련이 있으며 미작 재배농가보다는 시설작물 재배농가의 경영주 평균연령이 더 젊고 경영규모가 더 크다. 시설작물 재배의 주목적은 영농을 통한 상업성의 제고가 가장 원인이지만 부족한 노동력 때문에 경영규모에는 한계가 있고 특히 농산물 가격의 불안정과 수익성 악화는 적극적인 경영규모 확대를 제한하고 있다. 시설작물 재배농가의 경영규모 확대는 농지의 매입보다 임차지의 확대를 통해 이루어지며, 이때 영농조건이 유리한 농지를 중심으로 임대차가 발생된다. 결과적으로 대도시 근교 농촌지역의 유지와 발전을 위해서는 영농의 상업화와 수익성 제가 중요한 요인이지만 토지이용의 효율성 측면에서는 농지의 자연적 조건이 중요하게 작용된다. 그러나 농외부문의 취업기반이나 교육시설의 보완 없이는 촌락 공동체의 유지측면에서 가족 구성원의 분리문제와 농업노동력 부족문제가 해결될 가능성이 낮다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.43-57
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• 1983

The purpose of the study, was to investigate Housewives behavior on how to buy refrigerators and how to use them. Besides, their knowledge and keeping ability of electricity and refrigerator is estimated according to regional differences, their ages, their educational courses, and their income. In the report, W e can see if it is related to the years of married life, numbers of the family, having jobs or not, and numbers of marketing a week. The subjects were 675 mothers of the students in the selected schools, at Seoul, Cheongjoo, and Kwesan gun. They answered to the questionnaire devised for the study. their answers were analyzed in percent to grasp their general trend of electricity and electric Appliance. Chi-square test and F-test are chosen to grasp the Cor-relationships between the related variables. The results are as follows: 1) The average rate of possesing the refrigerators is 84.06%. It shows us that the housewives in Seoul possess the more refrigerators than those in other areas. At ages, form 30 to 40 aged women gave the most refrigerators than any other ages women. It reveals us the high income and high educational housewives have high rate of possessing refrigerators. 2) They answered that they purchased the refrigerators by necessity. we can see their motivation of purchasing them is very reasonable. However, we can see that they do not manage the refrigerators well, because the rate of using them during four seasons is only 12.34%, An age of 20year old housewives mostly purchased the refrigerators at the time of marriage. The women who bought them after marriage answered that they mostly took a consultation with their husbands when they bought the refrigerators. They regarded the trade marks of the manufactures and size of the refrigerators, as they bought them. And most of them bought the refrigerators for cash. 3)At homes in Seoul, the kinds of retained foods in the refrigerator are more than those of the house in the city and in the agricultural town. The high income and high educational housewives tend to retain the more kinds of foods. But there are no significant differences between the essential variables such as the numbers of the family, the housewives having jobs or not, and the numbers of marketing. 4)Generally their knowledge on electricity and the refrigerator is very low. However, it shows the statistically significant differences. the housewives in Seoul have more information about refrigerator than the housewives in agricultural town. At ages , the women less than 29 years old have more information about the refrigerator, and the woman who had university education and high income tend to know much about the refrigerator. 5) The keeping ability of the refrigerator is very good, and there are no significant differences among variables. And also it shows that there is no correlationship between their knowledge and their keeping ability.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.131-148
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the allocation of time between work and leisure by the rural elderly in Korea. The data used for this study are collected from fm households during the peak ($17^{th}\;to\;30^{th}$ June) and off-peak ($28^{th}$ November to $10^{th}$ December) farming seasons of 2005 using time diary. The sample for this study consists of 120 elderly over 65 years old living in rural area in eight provinces. The major findings are as follows. (1) The time spent of farm work by rural elderly in much longer than average work hours of elderly in general regardless of farming season. The indicates that the elderly farmers are the sustaining forces of agriculture as the urban industrial sector absorbs the younger labor force rural area. (2) There are significant differences in the work time(including form work, housework, and farm work plus house work) by gender, age, education, marital status, living arrangements. (3) The rural elderly spends less time in leisure compared to the elderly in general even during the off-peak season. (4) Especially during the peak season, time allocation between work and leisure by the rural elderly is heavily skewed, resulting in an inadequate amount of time for reproduction of labor. (5) There is only significant age difference in the amount leisure time regardless of farming season. (6) Male elderly farmers work approximately 30 minutes to 1 hour longer on farm than the females do, but the total work time (farm work plus housework) of female elderly is longer than that of the male elderly. There is no significant gender difference in the amount of leisure time during the peak season, whereas the men have more leisure than the women during the off-peak season. To conclude, the gender differences in time allocation among the rural elderly are minimal. However, the rural elderly of both genders suffers from excessive work hours and heavy workload compared to the urban counterpart.

• 한국노년학
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.649-668
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 고령사회를 앞두고 우리나라 노인들의 신종 중독문제를 예방하고자 노인의 인터넷 중독 실태와 영향요인을 파악하여 양적 증대를 넘어 질적 향상을 도모하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 서울시에 거주하고 있는 만 60세 이상의 노인을 대상으로, 지역 내 복지관, 문화센터, 경로당, 기타 지역에서 일대일 면접 조사를 통해 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과는 노인 인터넷 중독 정도는 평균 36.16점(SD=10.02)이며 최소 20점에서 최대 65점의 분포로 나타났다. 인터넷 중독 정도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서 컴퓨터 이용시간(β=.248, p<.001), 월용돈(β=.180, p<.01), 연령(β=.139, p<.01), 사회적 지지(β=.087, p<.05), 자기효능감(β=-.078, p<.05), 주이용 장소(β=-.116, p<.05), 가족관계 정도(β=-.147, p<.01), 주택형태(β=-.153, p<.01),의 순으로 나타났으며, 이 변인들의 설명력은 17.6%로 나타났다. 즉 컴퓨터 이용시간이 많을수록, 연령이 높을수록, 월용돈이 많을수록, 주택이 자가가 아닌 경우, 가족관계 정도가 낮을수록, 주이용 장소가 집이 아닌 경우, 자기효능감이 낮을수록, 사회적 지지가 높을수록 인터넷 중독정도를 증가시키는 예측변인이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 조사결과를 통해서 인터넷 중독 노인을 대상으로 집단 심리치료 프로그램을 실시하고, 인터넷 이용 관련 매뉴얼을 제작 및 배포하여 중독 관련 요인에 따른 사례별 맞춤형 사례관리 서비스가 이루어질 수 있도록 하며, 일반 노인을 대상으로 인터넷 이용 관련 교육을 실시하여 잠재적 위험에 있는 노인들을 대상으로 예방적 서비스가 이루어질 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.5-27
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• 1987

It is widely recognized that primary health care in the community is one of the most important and effective health measures in these days. However, it is reality that unsatisfactory health care system, ineffective utilization of health care by the community people in the rural area are hampering better understanding for primary health care. Therefore promoting health for the rural people and increasing understanding about primary health care, the baseline survey in the community focused in examination for safe community water supply was carried out. The survey was conducted through August 25-31, 1986 in order to find out health problems and relevant factors and to define the demographic characteristics of $^*$Sanpuk village, Kumsa-Myun, Yuju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do, Korea. Household survey was carried out for every home by trained interviewers. The major results are found out as follows : 1) 84.2%(400 houses) of total households were surveyed because 15.8%(75 houses) were unable to survey due to either refusal against interview or absence of family. These 400 households were composed of 1,697 residents(male:830, female 867). Educational level of respondents showed 34.1% as elementary school graduated. Religion distribution showed Buddism(23.8%) as the most dominant. 50.7% of respondents married in the area. 2) Most households(91.5%) have lived in their own house in Sanpuk area. Average family size showed 4.3. More than half of residents(64.2%) have used public supplied water tap. Only 1.5% of the households had a flush toliet. The rest of households have still used primitive insanitary latrines. 3) 32.5% of residents have used gas burner for cooking and for heating in the house, and the coal briquet were used for boiler. Lack of convenient public transportation was the chief complaint for their day life. 4) Each household occupied 1,990 pyungs of rice paddy and 1,170 pyungs of ordinary field in average. Beside farming products, mushroom was the highest product. 5) Sixth percent of households in the survey area regularly participated in community meeting one hand and on the other hand 39.5% never participated. Most of respondents closely contacted with their neighbours and they seemed very friendly each other. 6) The prevalence rate of illness and injury during recent 15 days showed 48.3 per 1,000. The prevalence rate of chronic illnesses during the past one year showed 74 per 1,000. Injury and accident lead the higher portion(22.0%) in the former and in the latter pain(arthritis, back-pain) showed 27.0% as the dominant sickness. 87.8% of the ill residents in the former received medical treatment. As the most frequently utilized medical facility, the clinic or hospital were counted. Among the residents suffering from chronic illnesses, 77.3% in Sanpuk area get some kind of medical treatments and they rarely utilized the clinic or hospital. The reason why the patient did not receive any medical care was found out the fact that symptoms of illness was light or mild and economic problems was serious. 7) Average age of marriage showed 21.6 years old in the women and the average duration of marital period was shown for 15.1 years. The married woman in reproductive age in Sanpuk area had experienced pregnancies 4 times in the aver-age including 0.7 time of pregnancy in average were interrupted by induced abortion and 0.3 time by spontaneous abortion respectively. The practicing rate of the family planning of the married woman during reproductive ages showed 70.7% and the tuballigation was found out as the most frequently used contraceptives. 8) Among woman who has children under 2 years old, 70.0% had received the prenatal care for the last pregnancy. However, the average number of prenatal care visitis per woman showed 3.3 times. Fifty-two % of woman who received the postnatal care for the last delivery showed only 37.5%. 9) Immunization rate of the children under 2 years old showed relatively high and looked successful. The breast feeding for these children showed dominantly in the most. Most of the mothers in Sanpuk area had started the supplementary diet during weaning period of their infants of 6th and 7th month after birth. * : Sanpuk area is a demstration area for community development which has been supported by the Community Development Foundation during the part 10 years. The village is relatively closer to urban area such as Seoul, However, it has a similar characteristics shown as a remote village because of geographical location and inconvenient transportation at present.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.122-136
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• 2000

Chronic illness requiring attention and management during a long period of time puts great burden onto patients, their family and society. For patients with chronic illnesses, providing social support is the most important, and the fundamental support comes from their spouses. Amount and quality of support from spouses seems to differentiated according to the sex of patients. Female patients tend to believe that their spouses are not very supportive. Therefore, the researchers assessed the burden of husbands of female arthritis patients to discover the factors that result in greater burden. Also, they developed a theoretical model of husbands′ care for their wives through a qualitative research into husbands′ experience. Method 1: The study material was 650 female arthritis patients registered in an arthritis clinic. The questionnaire about the disease experience of female arthritis patients and the burden of husbands were sent. Returned questionnaires numbered 210(32.3%) and 27 were excluded because of inadequate answers. The remaining 183 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 51 years and the mean age of spouses was 55 years. The mean marital period was 28 years. The average duration since diagnosis was 9.1 years. Education level was varied from primary school to graduate school, and average income/month was 1,517,300 won. Method 2: Initial questionnaire studies on the burden of husbands were performed. Among 183 responding husbands, 23 consented to participate for a qualitative research. Data was obtained by direct and telephone interviews. The mean age of participants was 58 years, and the educational level and socioeconomic status also varied. Result: 1. Husbands′ burden: The average burden was 57.68 with a range of 6-96. 2. Burden and general characteristics: The husband′s burden correlated with the age of the patients, numbers in the family, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and the husband′s understanding of the level of severity. 3. Linear correlation analysis on burden: The husbands′ burden is explained in 22.5% by husband′s recognition of level of severity and husbands′ age. 4. There were four patterns of the burden on husbands: both objectve burden and subjective burden were high(pattern I), both of objectve burden and subjective burden were low(pattern II), objective burden was high but subjective burden was low(pattern III), objective burden was low but subjective burden was high(pattern IV). The pattern was correlated with the family income, educational level of the patients and their husbands, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and husband′s understanding of level of severity. 5. The core category of the caring experience of the husbands with arthritis patients was "companionship". The causal factor was the patients′ experience due to symptoms : physical disfigurement, pain, immobility, limitation of house chores, and limitation of social activities. Contextural factors are husbands′ identification of housework and husbands′ concern about the disease. The mediating factors are economic problems, fear of aging, feeling of limitation and family support. The strategy for interaction is mind control and how to solve emotional stress. The "companionship" resulted from caring activities, participation of household activities, helping patients′ to coping with emotional experience. 6. Companionship is established through the process of entering intervention, and caring state of mind. Entering intervention is the phase of participation of therapy and involvement of houseworks. The caring phase consists of decision on therapy, providing therapy, providing direct care, and taking over the household role of wife. Through caring phase, the changing phase set a stage in which husbands consolidate the relationship with their wives, and are reminded of the meaning of marriage. As a result, in changing phase, husbands′ companionship is enhanced. In conclusion, nursing care of chronic illnesses should include a family member especially the spouse. All information on disease shoud be provided to patients and whole family member. Strong support should also be provided to overcome difficulties in taking over role of other sex. Then the quality of life of patients and families will be much improved.