• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.48
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• pp.391-417
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• 2017

Southeast Asian languages are famous for having a large number of vowel sounds with an average of more than 20 vowel sounds in this certain language family. In addition, there are approximately 1,500 languages in this area, which accounts for approximately 20% of total languages in the world. For this reason, vowel systems of Southeast Asian languages should be explored to determine the nature of vowel structures of human natural languages. In this study, we analyze vowel systems of three languages, Tagalog, Malay and Thai, that have only primary or normal vowels and thus are relatively simple structures based on descriptive and analytic universals. We would also like to confirm if the six criteria of the tentative evaluation model taken from several previous literature is appropriate in applying analysis of vowel system universals under the method of the Greenbergian Universals or statistic universals. What we have found from this research are (i) the three languages have high level of universals with some exceptional cases such as three-vowel system of Tagalog, and (ii) some of the six criteria, together with some cases of analytic universals, are not quite suitable for understanding language-specific universals that are different from other languages.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2017

Ninety species belonging to 28 families of weeds were identified in Korean rice fields. They were divided by eight provinces and 19 agro-climatic zones to be used as basic data of weed control. Looking at the regional weed occurrence, there were 52 species of 20 families in Gyeonggi, 37 species of 17 families in Gangwon, 41 species of 15 families in Chungbuk, 21 species of 12 families in Chungnam, 24 species of 13 families in Jeonbuk, 54 species of 21 families in Chonnam, 36 species of 20 families in Gyeongbuk, and 32 species of 16 families in Gyeongnam province, respectively. The most dominant family was Poaceae followed by Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Mostly dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea, Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui, Eleocharis kuroguwai, and Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala with slight differences among the provinces. Although there were some differences in 18 climate zones from Taebaek sub-highlands to the southern part of the East Coast (except for the Taebaek Highland), the dominant species were Echinochloa spp., Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea and Scirpus juncoides var. hotarui. The most dominant family was Cyperaceae followed by Poaceae and Asteraceae. The differences of weed occurrence between provinces and agro-climatic zones were largely influenced by various weather conditions rather than the provinces. The changes in cultivation mode and herbicide use might influence as well.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 1990

Weed species belonging to the broadleaf family prevailed in the experimental sites followed by Cyperucea and grass family. In terms of life cycle, the dominant weed species were the perennial weeds rather than annual weeds. Most of weeds were emerged between 30-60days after transplanting in Chuncheon and between 40-60 days after transplanting in Hongcheon and Hoengseong areas. Among agronomic characteristics of rice affected by weed emergence were decrease of plant height by 2-4㎝, panicle number by 1.3-2.9, spkelet by 3. 7-7.5, ripening rates by 3.3-6.5%, and milled yield by 12-17%.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 1990

Experiment was conducted to establish the weed control system on the paddy fields by investigating species, period and amount of weeds in Gangwon province. Four locations were selected for these experiments : West plain area, Chunchon(74m above the sea level), mid-mountainous area, Hongchon(300 m), high alpine area, Hoengsong(450m), and east sea area, Myungju(14m). Weed emergence was investigated 6 times from 10 days after transplanting to 60 days with 10 days interval. From the experiments stated above, the results were summarized as follows ; The identity of weed species was small in grass family, but broad-leaf family was numerous. Also the dominant weed species was generally the perenial weeds. The weed emergence was initiated from 10 days after translanting. The amounts of weed counted the most in Chunchon. A large number of weeds were emerged between 30-60 days after transplanting in Chunchon and between 40-60 days after transplanting in Hongchon and Hoengsong. Among agronomic characteristics affected by weed emergence during rice development, plant height was decreased by 2~4cm, panicle number by 1.3~2.9, spikelet by 3.7~7.5, ripening rates 3.3~6.5%, and milled yield by 12~17%, respectively.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2013

Collection of weeds were done in 3 remodeled paddy fields located in different districts with different soil moisture conditions such as Samolpo district (14.6%), Gimhae (9.8%) and Chilhyun (5.6%). Remodeled paddy fields composed of 62 plant species belonging to 23 families. Among 23 families, Compositae was the largest family with 11 species belonged to (17.7%) followed by Poaceae with 9 species (14.5%), Leguminosae with 8 species (12.9%), Cyperaceae with 7 species (11.3%), and Polygonaceae with 5 species (8.1%). Summed dominance ratio of each species based on number, coverage, frequency, and plant height in Samolpo district was Echinochloa oryzoides (100%) > Cyperus difformis (9.0%) > Bidens frondosa (5.3%) > Panicum dichotomiflorum (4.8%) > Eclipta prostrata (4.4%). In Gimhae; Digitaria ciliaris (100%) > Panicum dichotomiflorum (49.4%) > Echinochloa oryzoides (48.8%) > Persicaria hydropiper (27.1%) > Chenopodium ficifolium (10.2%), and in Chilhyun were Panicum dichotomiflorum (90.8%) > Digitaria ciliaris (66.7%) > Cyperus iria (8.6%) > Bidens frondosa (7.6%). Total dry weight of weeds recorded was 535.4 g $m^{-2}$, 316.1 g $m^{-2}$ and 346.2 g $m^{-2}$ in Samolpo, Gimhae and Chilhyun districts, respectively. Simpson's index was calculated to 0.09~0.28, which showed that weed occurrence in remodeled paddy fields with different soil moistures varied.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.265-279
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• 1987

About 140 weed species belonging to 42 families occurring in summer were observed in Ulreung island. The Compositae was the most wildely occurring family covering 27 weed species, followed by 21 species in Graminae, 9 in Polygonaceae, 7 in Leguminosae, and 7 in Labiatae etc. In terms of the lands classified, about 60 species in 26 families were observed in the cultivated and the medical crops grown areas, respectively, and 116 species in 40 families occurred in the non-cultivated land like the vicinity of the cultivated area and 94 species in 34 families in the valley. No. of species and families were much greater in the non-cutivated land than those of the cultivated one. The most dominant weed species in both the cultivated and its vicinity in Ulreung island were Digitaria sanguinalis, followed by Portulaca oleracea, Polygonum hydropiper, Equisetum arvensis, Artemisia princeps, Commetina communis, Setaria viridis in order. Community analysis was done by the method of Toyohara in two cultivated lands such as the general crop land and the medical herb crop grown land, and two non-cultivated areas such as the vicinity of the cultivated land and valley. The cultivated land consisted of the communites of P. hydropiper and Cyperus amuricus, including Bidens tripartita in P. hydropiper community. The medical crop grown land composed of three major communities like P. hydropiper, Amaranthus mangostanus and Sonchus asper in which A. mangostanus and S. media were presented in the ecoton, indicating community being transiting. In the non-cultivated areas like the vicinity of crop land, the communities of Erigeron annuus, P. oleracea, and Oxalis corniculata were dominant, and Dystaenia takeshimana was included in the community of E. annuus and Stellan'a aquatica in P. oleracea community. In the valley, Ranunculus quelpaertensis community was existed in between the communities of Sonchus asper and Plantago asiatica.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 1989

About 233 weed species belonging to 54 families mainly occurring in summer were observed in cultivated land and its surrounding area in Cheju Island. The compositae was the most widely occurring family covering 41 weed species, followed by 28 species in gramineae, 14 in labiatae, 13 in leguminasae and 12 in polygonaceae etc.. In terms of the lands classified about 126 species in 39 families were observed in upland ared and 38 species in 20 families occurred in lowland area, 108 species in 36 families in orchard and 214 species in 50 families observed in non-cultivated area. The most dominant weed species in Cheju Island were Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis in both the upland and orchard, Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus amuricus in lowland, and Digitaria sanguinalis, Artemisia princeps, Partulaca oleracea in non-cultivated land area. There were two communities in upland area, such as Phyllanthus urinaria, Siegesbeckia orinexitalis etc., and Cephalonaplos segetum, Mosla dianthera etc.. The lowland area composed of one major community like Onenanthe javanica, and Eleocharis acicularis. The orchard consisted of the communities of Stellaria aquatics, Viola mandshurica etc., and Justicia procumbens, Varedellia crustacea etc.. The non-cultivated land composed of two major communities like Amplicarpaed edgeworthii, Lactuca indica etc., and Clematis appiiforia, Aster hispidus etc..

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-108
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• 2017

The nationwide weed survey was conducted in arable land, paddy field, upland, orchard and pasture, over whole country of Korea during 3 years from 2013 to 2015. Also, these survey were conducted in order to determine a change of weed community and to identify a major dominant weed species, and problem weeds. Weeds of arable land were composed of 619 species belonging to 81 families. Weeds occurred in paddy field were 90 species belonging to 28 families, upland weeds were 375 species of 50 families, orchard weeds were 492 species of 63 families and pasture weeds 275 species of 52 families. Among total 81 families, the Asteraceae (15.5%) was the biggest family, followed by Poaceae (13.1%), Fabaceae (5.5%), Cyperaceae (5.2%), Polygonaceae (6.3%), respectively. And these weed species were composed of annual weeds of 209 species (33.8%), winter annual of 102 species (16.4%) and perennial weeds of 308 species (49.8%). Exotic weeds naturalized in Korea were investigated as 166 species. Weed flora in Korean cultivation area have been increased as much as 13 families and 186 species for 10 years compared to 2000~2004 weed survey result of 68 families and 433 species. The increment could be resulted from the change of weed population such as increase of the herbicide-resistant and the difference of investigation method.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2011

This survey of weed population by different soil moisture with paddy-upland rotation was conducted to investigate information on weed flora and its ecology between two years. Weed species were assessed in April : 2009, 2010. Soil samples were taken from each study plot to assess the impact soil moisture on the occurrence and abundance of dominance weed species. Soil water of poorly drained field ranged from 10.2~18.2% more than 11.8~14.3% of somewhat poorly drained field. Weeds of fields composed of 19 species belonging to 12 families. Among 12 families, 6 weed species belonged to Compositae (31.6%) were the biggest family, Cruciferae were 2 species (10.5%), and Rubiaceae were 2 species (10.5%), respectively. Youngia japonica had the highest summed dominance ratio(SDR) (97.0%) and followed by Conyza canadensis (92.1%), Galium spurium (35.3%) and Hemistepta lyrata (28.4%) of somewhat poorly drainage in 2009. Artemisia princeps the highest SDR (100%) and followed by Stellaria alsine(55.2%), Y. japonica (38.3%) and Nasturtium officinale (28.5%) of poorly drainage in 2009. And, Stellaria alsine had the highest SDR (86.8%) and followed by Alopecurus aequalis (77.7%), Astragalus sinicus (68.7%) and Y. japonica (46.3%) of somewhat poorly drainage in 2010. S. alsine the highest SDR (93.7%) and followed by A. aequalis (78.6%), Nasturtium officinale (31.3%) and Y. japonica (30.4%) of poorly drainage in 2010. Simpson's index was calculated to 0.12~0.23, which showed that weed occurrence with different soil moisture in paddy-upland rotation and between years was various. Similarity coefficient between years was 43.0% (2009) and 74.2% (2010), which indicate a low diversity because of the moisture in the agro-ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.46
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• pp.95-152
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• 2015

"Archives of Everyday Life" refers to an organization or facility which collects, appraises, selects and preserves the document from the memory of individuals, groups, or a society through categorizing and classifying lives and cultures of ordinary people. The document includes materials such as diaries, autobiography, letters, and notes. It also covers any digital files or hypertext like posts from blogs and online communities, or photos uploaded on Social Network Services. Many research fields including the Records Management Studies has continuously claimed the necessity of collection and preservation of ordinary people's records on daily life produced every moment. Especially diary is a written record reflecting the facts experienced by an individual and his self-examination. Its originality, individuality and uniqueness are considered truly valuable as a document regardless of the era. Lately many diaries have been discovered and presented to the historical research communities, and diverse researchers in human and social studies have embarked more in-depth research on diaries, their authors, and social background of the time. Furthermore, researchers from linguistics, educational studies, and psychology analyze linguistic behaviors, status of cultural assimilation, and emotional or psychological changes of an author. In this study, we are conducting a metastudy from various research on diaries in order to reaffirm the value of "The 12th May Diaries Collection" as everyday life archives. "The 12th May Diaries Collection" consists of diaries produced and donated directly by citizens on the 12th May every year. It was only 2013 when Digital Archiving Institute in Univ. of Myungji organized the first "Annual call for the 12th May". Now more than 2,000 items were collected including hand writing diaries, digital documents, photos, audio and video files, etc. The age of participants also varies from children to senior citizens. In this study, quantitative analysis will be made on the diaries collected as well as more profound discoveries on the detailed contents of each item. It is not difficult to see stories about family and friends, school life, concerns over career path, daily life and feelings of citizens ranging all different generations, regions, and professions. Based on keyword and descriptors of each item, more comprehensive examination will be further made. Additionally this study will also provide suggestions to examine future research opportunities of these diaries for different fields such as linguistics, educational studies, historical studies or humanities considering diverse formats and contents of diaries. Finally this study will also discuss necessary tasks and challenges for "the 12th May Diaries Collection" to be continuously collected and preserved as Everyday Life Archives.