• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.38
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• pp.305-321
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• 1998

The costume style of the Chosun dynasty changed greatly after Imjinwaeran (the Japanese Invasion of Chosun Korea, 1592∼1598). Most of the extant costumes come from the late Chosun, but some costumes produced be-fore Imjinwaeran have been excavated, and in addition, information on these older constumes is contained in contemporary literature. Of especial value in the study of pre-Imjinwaeran Chosun constumes is a mid-sixteenth century palace painting depicting the worship of Buddha, a painting in the collection of the Ho-Am Art Museum in Seoul. The present study of costume during the middle Chosun dynasty focuses on this painting, and compares it with other contemporary palace paintings, and with other contemporary palace paintings, and with Nectar Ritual Paintings. The following conclusion were drawn : * Concerning woman's hair styles of the time, married women wore a large wig. Un-married women braided their hair, and then either let it fall down their back or wore it coiled on top of their head. * The major characteristic of woman's costumes was a ample, tube-like silhouette, with the ratio of the Jeogori(Korean woman's jacket) and skirt being one-to-one. * The style of Jeogori in the painting was like that of excavated remains. Some Jeogoris were simple (without decoration), while some Jeogoris were worn with red sashes. Here we can confirm the continuity of ancient Korean costumes with those of the sixteenth century * Although the skirt covered the ankles, it did not touch the ground. Because the breadth of the skirt was not wide, it seems to have been for ordinary use. Colors of skirts were mainly white or light blue. * All men in the painting wore a headdress. Ordinary men, not Buddhist monks, wore Bok-du (headstring), Chorip (straw hat), or Heuk-rip (black hat). In this painting, men wore a Heukrip which had a round Mojeong (crown). * The men wore sashes fastened around their waist to close their coats, which was different from the late Chosun, in which men bound their sashes around their chest. That gave a ration of the bodice of the coat to the length of the skirt of one-to-one, which was consistent with that of woman's clothing. * In this painting, we cannot see the Buddhist monk's headdress that appeared later in the Chosun, such as Gokkal (peaked hat), Songnak (nun's hat), and Gamtu (horsehair cap). These kinds of headdresses, which appeared in paintings from the seventeenth century, were worn widely inside or outside the home. Buddhist monks wore a light blue long coat, called Jangsam (Buddhist monk's robe) and wore Gasa (Buddhist monk's cope), a kind of ceremonial wrap, round their body. We can see that the Gasa was very splendid in the early years of the Chosun dynasty, a continuing tradition of Buddhist monk's costumes from the Koryo dynasty.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 2015

In this study spent mushroom substrate has ingredient raising rice bed soil. spent mushroom substrates are organic content is 60.72% were nitrogen - phosphoric acid - potassium is 1.39 - 0.89 - 0.81% of the chemical characteristics determine. Post-harvested mushroom substrates of the stabilization process, the temperature of the 20 days time progress in the pH of the rise and fall of temperature down were germination index also 77, as identified, Spent mushroom substrate bed soil for raising rice Ingredient to take advantage of the 20 days or more stabilization process needed to be investigated. Rice seed germination characteristic is in the common bed soil for raising rice ingredients manufactured control group and the comparison in spent mushroom substrate is 10% or less of a mixed experimental population of the germination rate is 82% was more than average days to germination and germination energy, even a statistical significant difference is or control group than good level was ok. Growth initial also spent mushroom substrate is 10% or less of a mixed experimental population of shoot dry matter (top) and grave less than control group higher as confirmed spent mushroom substrates are bed soil for raising rice ingredients are likely to take advantage of the high, as was the judge.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.9.2-9
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• 1982

The incidence of decannulation difficulty included tracheal stenosis has markedly increased in recent years because of translaryngeal intubation and tracheostomy although advancing antibiotics and new treatment for these problems. Treatment has always been difficult but in mild cases, a new soft, flexible tracheal T-tube that designed to maintain an adequate tracheal airway as well as to provide support in the reconstructed trachea and in severe cases, transverse resection with subsquent end to end anastomosis has been used in recent years. Authors experienced 2 cases of tracheal stenosis and decannulation difficulty which developed after tracheostomy that was performed due to automobile accident and fall down respectively and using a silicone tracheal T-tube for 3 months good results were obtained. So authors reported with brief review of literatures.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.75-79
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• 2017

Purpose: Although trauma is the most common cause of death under age 18, Korean national pediatric trauma data has lack of clinical data. This study is to prepare manpower resources, equipment, and make a correct policy decision on pediatric trauma victims Methods: The study enrolled 528 patients under age 16 with traumatic injury visited Wonju Severance Christian Hostpital Trauma Center, from February 12, 2015 to December 31, 2016. We analyzed the distribution of gender, age, place and time of the accident, injury mechanism, injury severity, and injured organ by medical record. Results: The major injury mechanisms were blunt injury in 485 (91.90%), penetrating injury in 27 (5.10%), burn in 13 (2.50%), near drowning in 2 (0.40%), and foreign body ingestion in 1 (0.20%). Ninety-seven (18.4%) patients were injured at home and 67 (12.7%) patients were injured at school. The overall mortality rate was 1.13% (n=6). 5 mortalities were related to automobile accident and one was fall down. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 4 (2, 8). No statistical significance was observed in the mean ISS between each age group. The peak time of accident occurrence was between 16 and 17 o'clock. The mean ISS was higher in blunt injury group than penetrating injury with statistical significance ($6.50{\pm}7.60$ vs. $3.00{\pm}8.10$; p<0.05). The most common injury site was upper extremity. Mean ISS was highest in thorax injury. However, mean ISS of thorax injury was higher with statistical significance only compared with face, neck and upper extremity injury. Conclusions: We reported our pediatric trauma patients data of our hospital level I trauma center, which is the only one level I trauma center of Gangwon Province. These data is useful to prevent and prepare for pediatric trauma.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.95-133
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• 2018

Since the beginning of the millennium, 'Maker Movement' has been active throughout the world. Today, there is a maker fair every year in major cities of the world including Seoul, and the number of attendees is increasing day by day, so it can be seen as a kind of maker 'phenomenon'. The positive implication of the maker's movement is that it attempts to break down the monopoly of manufacturing and to restore the rights and capabilities of citizens as makers. Today, highly developed industrial capitalism has a tendency to structurally paralyse citizens, to tie their hands and feet, and to degenerate into consuming entities only. Therefore, it can be said that the maker movement has structural tensions in the relationship of neoliberal manufacturing culture. This study is an attempt to actively interpret the maker movement in terms of "critical making". The maker movement can trace its origins to "counterculture" and "new communalism" that emerged in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. On the other hand, there is criticism that the maker movement can fall into another technology utopianism and function as an area of consumer society, and mobilize it in the direction of activating consumerism. Although the maker's movement is amorphous due to its characteristics and it is currently in progress, it is difficult to make crude definition yet. However, as the citizens who have been defined only as consumers of science and technology, are newly emerging as producers of makers, there have been great changes in the topography of science and technology and civil society. So the scientific implication of the maker movement is great in that it shows the possibility of causing it.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.466-476
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• 2008

Gurin Cave, 442 m long, is a lava tube developed on the northern slope of Mount Halla. Seventy-three meters of its lower reach became a river channel since Byeongmun River flowed into a window after roof collapse took place. The subterranean channel has a width of 447 cm and a height of 501 cm, respectively. Its banks show well-developed lava shelves of a typical lava tube, while its floor has sculpted forms which characterize a bed of a bedrock stream. The reach is likely to be collapsed and then has four collapsed windows since its roof has the densely developed testudinal joints and consists of thin lavas with a thickness of 30 to 60 cm. Before the subterranean channel appeared, a ground channel flowed over the cave and joined into a main channel of Byeongmun River at 653 m in altitude. However, the subterranean channel substituted the ground channel since a bed of the ground channel collapsed into the cave. The new channel, flowing through the cave, joined into a main channel at 660 m in altitude. As the drainage area of Byeongmun River expanded upstream the cave, the new channel changed into a main channel. Since floodwater flows down the ground channel as well as the subterranean channel, a distributary stream has temporarily appeared at the collapsed window. Lava tubes are likely to have an affect on the development of river system in Jeiu Island, in that the caves have constantly shown roof-fall.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.524-530
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• 2017

Unlike in the past, North Korean defectors are not merely satisfied at escaping the regime; they now consider their escape as a form of immigration to pursue a better life. This study examines the adaptation status of North Korean defectors and suggests a plan to cope with the associated challenges accordingly. The current status of North Korean defectors is analyzed based on a literature review and the latest data on their current status, along with their actual adaptation progress to South Korean society and other factors related to the difficulty in their social adjustment. The number of North Korean defectors has increased rapidly since 2000, but the number started to fall in the wake of the inauguration in 2012 of the Kim Jong Eun regime. In addition, North Korean defectors arriving after 1999 are significantly less educated and from lower levels in terms of their occupation and livelihood than those who arrived before. The factors related to North Korean defectors' maladjustment to South Korean society include: difficulties in performing economic activities, differences in the political and economic systems, and cultures, of the two Koreas, and other difficulties stemming from family relations. If the difficulties North Korean defectors experience in adapting to South Korean society are resolved with the support of North Korean defectors and facilities of South Korean society, North Korean defectors will be able to settle down successfully. It is also important for North Korean defectors to strive to adapt to South Korean society by sharing their emotion with the members of society. Therefore, in order for North Korean defectors to adapt smoothly to South Korean society, it is necessary to plan some concrete ways that would reduce social and financial burdens nationwide.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2010

In the perspective of the correspondence of heaven and man[天人相應], people live through Gi of heaven and earth[天地之氣], and the human body which is a small universe[小宇宙] itself receives influence while sympathizing with the Gi and heaven[天氣]. So with unexpected incident of the Eum and Yang, four season[陰陽四時], ups and downs of warmth of cold and chilliness of warm[寒熱溫涼] differs, and the position of Gi of human[人氣] changes, regimen and application of acupuncture, and images[象] of the pulse changes. In "Maekyojeongmiron(脈要精微論)", ups and downs of Eum and Yang changes by four season[四時], and correspondence of ups and downs of pulse law is explained with compass, carpenter's square, the beam of balance and the weight of balance[規矩權衡]. Compass[規] is a measure of instrument that can draw a circle, like regulating the measure and differing the center of the circle and diameter and drawing a circle, compass is a image of Gi of Yang[陽氣] that was staying deep inside the body in winter stretching out by big fault[太過不及] of year and energy[元氣] of human in spring. Carpenter's square[矩] is a instrument that draws direction, which is a image of Gi of Yang flourishing in summer and when it gets highly flourished, again the Gi of Eum[陰氣] comes alive and falls. The beam of balance[衡] is a scale, like a scale that tilts at once when one side is slightly heavy, the beam of balance is a image Gi of yang that is fully flourished in summer and about to descent again, which is just about to fall but not going down yet. The weight of balance [權] is a image of gi of yang which as descent to the bottom and staying in the deepest place. compass, carpenter's square, the beam of balance and the weight of balance is not a direct pulse image[脈象], but standard image of pulse of pulse corresponding to the Gi of human[人氣] that changes by four season, and the explanation includes the pulse image of four season like the taut, full, floating, deeply gather[弦鉤浮營] of "Okgijinjangron(玉機眞藏論)" or taut, full, skip, float, deep [弦鉤代毛石] of "Pyeong-ingisangron(平人氣象論)". So with compass, carpenter's square, the beam of balance and the weight of balance, can judge is human correspond in Eum and Yang, four seasons, this is importantly used in examination of pulse[診脈] with existence and nonexistence, and prognosis of illness.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.230-236
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the incidence, types of fracture, treatment, associated fracture and complications in patients with nasal bone fracture. Materials and methods: Clinical examination, patient's records and radiographic images were evaluated in 230 cases of nasal bone fractures who were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital for recent 5 years; from January 2002 to December 2006. Results: 1. The age of patient was ranged from 4 to 77 years (mean age=36.6 years); Males was 75.7% (n=174), and females 24.3% (n=56). 2. The cause of the nasal bone fracture in this study was a fall or slip down (28.8%, n=66), sports accident (26.0%, n=60), fighting (21.3%, n=49), traffic accident (9.6%, n=22), industrial trauma (7.8%, n=18), and the others (6.6%, n=15). 3. For the patterns of fracture, simple fracture without displacement occured in 10.4% (n=24). Simple fracture with displacement without septal bone fracture was found in 49.5% (n=114). Simple fracture with displacement in company with septal bone fracture showed in 32.6% (n=75). Commiuted fracture with severe depression was presented in 7.4% (n=17). 4. The reduction the displaced nasal bone was carried out in 2 to 10 days (mean 6.8 days) after the injury. 5. Nasal bone fracture associated with Le Fort I fracture (6.5%, n=6.5), Le Fort II fracture (7.4%, n=17), Le Fort III fracture (1.3%, n=3), NOE fracture (13.9%, n=32), ZMC fracture (17.4%, 40), maxillary bone fracture (8.3%, n=19), orbital blow-out fracture (15.7%, n=36), frontal bone fracture (1.3%, n=3) and alveolar bone fracture (10.9%, n=25). 6. The major type of treatment method was closed reduction in 90% (n=207), open reduction in 3% (n=7), and observation in 7% (n=16). 7. There were some complications such as ecchymosis, hyposmia, hypo esthesia and residual nasal deformity which are compatible. Open rhino-plasty was conducted for 3 patients who had residual nasal deformity. Conclusions: These results suggest that most of nasal bone fractures are occurred physically active aged groups(age 10-49 years) and could be treated successfully with closed reduction at 7 days after the injury.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-67
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• 2012

This paper analyzed the effect of transaction costs on the prices and trading volumes at the initial stage of emission markets and also examined how the size of the effect differs depending on the characteristics of the transactions. We built trading protocols modeling a recursive process to search the trading partner and make transactions with several behavioral assumptions considering the situations of early markets. The simulations results show that adding transaction costs resulted in reduction of trading volumes. Furthermore, the speed of reduction in trading volume to the increase of transaction costs is higher when there is scale economy. With a certain level of scale economy, the trading volumes abruptly fall down to almost zero as the transaction cost gets over a certain level. This suggests the possibility of a failed market. Since the scale economy is thought to be significant in the early stage of emission trading market, it is desirable to design a trading system that maximizes trading volumes and minimizes unit transaction costs at the outset. One of the alternatives to meet these conditions is to establish a centralized exchange and take measures to increase trading volumes.