• Proceedings of the Turfgrass Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.01a
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• pp.48-51
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2007.12a
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• pp.365-372
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• 2007

The function of navigational aids are to be coincided with the development of navigational equipment and increase of traffics on the sea fairway. Supplementary function or side effect of wharf-edge illumination would be effective to indicate fairway indirectly and collision avoidance between ships and bridge against background light in port area at night also a serious-view light on the bridge posts would be effective to ensure the drifting ships by wind and current force adjacent bridge area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1998.10b
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• pp.11-25
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• 1998

Many Countries have made efforts to assist ships navigate accurately , safely and expeditiously for the safety control against increasing marine traffic , in their coastal waters. However, they are exposed in spite of these efforts,to risks of casulaties and marine polluation caused by traffic congestion when ships are navigating through waterways approaches to ports or harbors and in narrow fairways. Therefore, efficient control of VTS in Port is necessary nowadays to provide ships with necessary service , which interacts with shipping and organize the flow of traffic so as to maximize the efficiency of the port or harbor while minimizing the risk of accident and environmental pollution. Even though the navigation condition of ships is very inferior compared to other ports in Korea, such as the big difference between the ebb and flood tide, the frequent fog, the narrow fairway , the density of navigation traffic in Inchon Port is high and transportation quantity of dangerous cargoe increases gradually. In cosideration of the characteristics of natural circumstance and traffic circumstance the VTS established newly in Inchon port have to operate efficiently. The purpose of this study is to help efficient operation of VTS in Inchon port by accomplishing both the literature research and questionnaire survey. Questionnaire survey was read to the VTS personnel in Inchon Port and customer familiar to Inchon Port such as ship navigators, pilots, shipping companies and so on. Most of ship navigators who occupy half of the respondents are Korean Officer who had responded while they were calling at Inchon port. The conclusions and recommendations includes ; First, the service area should be extended over Designated area to provide the vessel with navigational assistance service regarding the information of traffic congestion area, fishing boat and small ship's activities. Second, the types of information service to be offered are ship's movement and weather condition inthe vicinity of the port and state of fairway in the approaching channel to thte fairway. Third, VTS personnel should be upgraded by the on-the-job training and continuous simulation training as well as supplement of the qualified personnel for VTS operation. Fourth , the Harbor Master System to be introduced for safe navigation and efficient port operation.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 1999

The influence of increasing livel (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0%) fo NaCl on the germination of red fescue (Festuca rubra) 'Sea Breeze', tall fesce(Festucaarundinacea) 'Pixie', creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. rubra) 'Cindy', annual rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum) 'Permer Ⅱ', perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 'Pennant', fairway wheatgrass(Agropyron cristatum), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) 'Penncross', and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) 'Nuglade' was investigated. Red fescue 'Sea Breeze', tall fescue 'Pixie', and creeping red fescue 'Cindy' had greater than 90% seed germination at NaCl concentrations of 0.2% or lower, while showing similar seeding shoot and root lengths and TAA50 values as the control. Creeping red fescue 'Cindy'gave at 0.6% or higher NaCl. Perennial ryegrass 'Pennant' and annual ryegrass 'Permer Ⅱ' showed more than 95% seed germination when NaCl concentrations were 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively. Fairway wheatgrass, creeping bentgrass 'Penncross' and Kentucky bluegrass 'Nugade' had showing similar germination percent, shoot and root lengths and T50 values as the control at NaCl concentrations of 0.1% or lower. In general, germination percent and the lengthes of seedling roots and shoots of all species tested decreased as NaCl concentrations iscreased. The T50 values became greater as NaCl concentration increased. Seed fermination in red fescue 'Sea Breeze', tall fescue 'Pixie',perennial ryegrass 'Pennant', and annual ryegrass 'Permer Ⅱ' was compoetely inhibited at 2.0% NaCl. Creeping red fescue 'Cindy' and fairway wheatgrass gardly germinated at 1.6% MaCl. Creeping bentgrass 'Penncross' and Dentucky bluegrass 'Nuglade' showed a complete inhibition of germination at 1.2% and 0.6% NaCl, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1997

Soil chemical properties were investigated to elucidate vertical movement of mineral nutrients in a fairway slope of 27 year-old golf course. Soil samples were taken at every 10cm depth to 4Ocm on 4 sites 20m apart each along two parallel lines 60m apart on the slope(15˚) in August. Accord-ing to the similarity of vertical distribution pattern they could be classified into 6 distinctive groups(magnesium, nitrate, phosphorus, ammonium, manganese and copper) and the slope tended to affect the vertical movement of minerals. The contents of Ca and Mg increased with depth while NO$_3$-N and Zn decreased and correlated positively. Soil pH showed significant positive correlation with depth, Ca and Mg. Phosphorus content was highest in 10~20cm depth and decreased resulting in relatively high content in 30~40cm depth of the bottom site of slope. Iron distribution pattern was similar to phosphorus. Potassium and $NH_4$showed various(irregular) patterns. Mn was highest in the deep layer at the lower sites of slope but it was reverse at the upper sites and negatively correlated with Fe. Cu content incresed with depth and heighest in 20~30cm depth. Electroconductivity showed significant positive correlation with $NO_3$-N. Magnesium, cal-cium and copper seem to be prone to defficiency due to fast leaching, and nitrate and phosphorus prone to excess problem. Preventive measures on acidification of surface soil should be taken.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 1998

The white grubs in turfgrass were investigated from 15 golf clubs in 7 provinces and 2 metropolitan cities. 12 white grub species were collected and 11 species in 8 genera including oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis were identified but 1 species was not identified. The oriental beetle grub was the most serious pest in turfgrass out of them. The brown chafer, Adoretus tenuimaculatus was widely distributed species collected from 6 golf clubs, Maladera castanea was collected from 5 golf clubs and A. orientalis, Holotrichia kiotoensis, and M. orientalis were collected from 4 golf clubs. The white grubs, their density, and distribution depth were also observed at tee, fairway, and green from Yongweon, Daegu, and Dongrae golf clubs. A. orientalis was dominant species in overwintering season but A. tenuimaculatus was dominant one in unoverwintering season. The density of white grubs was low in the green compared with tee or fairway. Distribution depth was different depending on season in Daegu and Dongrae golf clubs but not different in Yongweon golf club. Although there showed no differences in white grub species depending on turfgrass but density was different, that is, A. tenuimaculatus was abundant in Zoysia matrella while A. orientalis abundant in Poa pratensis. The density of A. orientalis grubs was higher in older golf courses but there showed no differences in white grub species depending on the age of golf club.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics of creeping bentgrass cultivars for fairway of golf course at Yeoju area in Korea. At germination and coverage rate of creeping bentgrass, 'Shark' and 'CY-2' were excellent, 'L-93', 'Alpha', 'T-1 was in order', respectively. Visual qualities of 'Shark' and 'CY-2' also were excellent. Especially, 'Shark', 'T-1', and 'CY-2' showed excellent visual quality in summer days, the critical times for the bentgrass fairway quality. 'Shark', 'CY-2' and 'T-1' were excellent in Chlorophyll contents throughout the evaluation period. Chlorophyll content of 'T-1' was maintained very high in summer. 'CY-2' and 'Shark' showed the best root growth at the beginning of the study and contained longer and hairy roots. Which might make these two cultivars' water absorption easier than other's. NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)of 'Shark', 'L-93' and 'CY-2' was excellent, respectively. 'T-1' showed the highest density and 'Shark', 'CY-2', 'Alpha', 'L-93' was followed by. The density of 'T-1' was rather increased in summer season, while those of other cultivars were decreased. Three diseases such as anthracnose, brown patch, and dollar spot, were appeared during the evaluation period. 'T-1' and 'L-93' were very sensitive to anthracnose which occurred at the beginning days of the study. The most susceptible cultivars to brown patch were 'Alpha' and 'L-93'. 'T-1' was the least resistant to dollar spot which occurred at the same time with brown patch.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.5 s.121
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• pp.345-351
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• 2007

In approaching sea area of Busan harbour, there are many traffic vessels and external forces such as strong seasonal wind and lateral flow are existed. Since the area caused the risk of navigation and ship operators feel hard to enter/depart on Busan port, we carried our the evaluation of traffic risk and propriety at Busan no.1 fairway. In order to assess the safety in the fairway, we analyzed ship's traffic stream based on the marine traffic survey and evaluated the traffic safety of present Traffic Separation Schemes(TSS) and suggest TSS in the research using full mission ship-handling simulators. As a result, the suggested TSS has an effect on improving the traffic safety. In addition, this paper was to suggest the dredging area of depth of water, the passage of towing vessels and control of warships for preventing of maritime accidents in the Busan no.1 fairway.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-30
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to present data to the landscape planning and design through analyzing correlation between visual preference of users and nonusers and the landscape of hole in golf couses. Stimulus objects were selected from the 18 holes in Tae-gu Country Club. Preference value was judged through photo simulation by 35 subjects photographed at Tee and Interpoint (IPI, IP2), and classified into three landscape types and nine landscape components from photo analysis by researcher. For test of difference between groups toward each stimulus, t-test was used, and Duncantest, Correlation analysis for finding out correlation between preference degree and the landscape of each hole. The results of this study were as follows: As a result of analysis of preference value between groups for each hole, it has been shown that there was scarcely difference with each other. Form the relation between preference degree and spacial structure of hole, the holes making up a superior preference group have been shown that the greater part of the holes had a downward slope or a gentle slope mostly and then a visible ratio of fairway was high, and had diversified scenery by a lotus pond, a solitary planting tree, the roll of a fairway, facilities for convenience, etc. The holes making up a low-ranking preference group have been shown that the greater part of the holes had upward slope or a similar slope to it and had characteries of the bad condition of lawn, the nearby factories and odors, the monotonous scenery of a fairway, an unreasonable mixing of holes, etc. From the relation between preference degree and landscape components forming hole, it has been shown that the preference degree between users and nonusers had positive correlation to the occupied ratio of space of landscape components at Tee and Approach. At Tee, it has been shown that the preference degree of two groups were related with a lawn surface of fairway negatively, a lotus pond, a sky positively, and the preference degree of nonusers was related with iron-top for electric transmission positively. At Approach, it has been shown that the preference degree of two groups were related with iron-top for electric transmission negatively, and the preference degree of nonusers was related with a building positively. From the relation between preference degree group to each hole and the occupied ratio of space of landscape types, it has been shown that the constituent ratio of a high-ranking group was 1:2.4:2.2 and a low-ranking group was 1:4.1:5.1 among vertical type, horizontal type and background at Tee, but the constituent ratio of space of a high-ranking group was similar to a low-ranking group at Approach.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2013

This experiment was carried out for the selection of suitable cultivars on the green and fairway at the mountain area. The climate data showed that differences of altitude influenced greater than latitude on temperature and rainfall when compared with 3 areas of the central of Gyeong-gi and Yeong-seo, and the mountain area at Yeong-seo. The plot was prepared with the USGA profiles for green and modified California style for fairway at the mountain golf course in Wonju, Korea. The growth characteristics were compared on two different profiles for 3 years of growing seasons after seeding with 5 creeping bentgrass cultivars. 'T-1' and 'CY-2' showed a rapid greenup compare with other cultivars in spring of 2010 with the both green and fairway mowing height. However, 'Penncross' resulted the slowest among cultivars. 'T-1' showed the most prominent visual quality of overall rate and the deepest root length after one year of seeding, while 'Penncross' showed an excellent result of root length and weight during summer season. However, 'Penn A-1' had an imperial result in that season. Comparison of the growth characteristics under green and fairway conditions, 'T-1' and 'CY-2' showed exellent overall results at the mountain area at Yeong-seo area in Korea.