• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.5
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• pp.280-285
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• 2010

Background: $QuantiFERON^{(R)}$-TB Gold In Tube (QFT-G IT) has been used for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis (TB) since 2007. However, there has not been enough data on QFT-G IT for universal use in children. In this study, we evaluated the clinical usefulness of the QFT-G IT in pediatric practice. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 70 patients younger than 18 years of age who had taken QFT-G IT and had a tuberculin skin test (TST) between July 2007 and July 2009 at Wonju Christian Hospital. The subjects were divided into two groups, asymptomatic TB exposure group and disease group. Four patients who were taking immunosuppressants during the study period were excluded. Results: A total of 66 immunocompetent children were included in this study. Among 27 asymptomatic children who had contact histories of TB, 6 (22.2%) were found to be positive by QFT-G IT. Eleven (40.7%) and 5 (18.5%) children were found to be positive by TST with cutoff values of ${\geq}5mm$ and ${\geq}10mm$, respectively. Agreement was fair to good between QFT-G IT and TST (${\kappa}=0.59$: cutoff value ${\geq}5mm$, ${\kappa}=0.7$: cutoff value ${\geq}10mm$). In disease group, 14 patients (35.9%) were diagnosed with active tuberculosis, 8/14 (57.1%) were positive on TST and 9/14 (64.3%) on QFT-G IT. The positive rate of acid-fast bacilli smear, TB-polymerase chain reaction, and culture for tuberculosis was 11% (1/9), 27.3% (3/11) and 33.3% (3/9), respectively. Conclusion: Our data support that the QFT-G IT can be used as an additional diagnostic tool for latent and active tuberculosis infection in children.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.77
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• pp.239-258
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the legal standards of agreements on the origin of liability and the relevant laws in Korea, to suggest implications for custom authorities and traders wishing to benefit from preferential tariff via FTA, citing the excluded cases of related FTA preferences (court cases and administrative judgments). In order to examine the provisions related to supporting evidence of the origin of liability in FTA, we examined FTAs agreed between Korea and EU, EFTA, ASEAN, U.S., and India relevant to FTA Special Customs Act, court cases and administrative judgements. If verifying the origin to protect the fair trade order impedes to promote utilizing FTA, solutions will need to be suggested. If FTA preference is exempted due to verifying the origin by the import customs authorities, the importer shall pay the income tax calculated in accordance with the general tax rate. This is because the certificate of origin confirmed during verification process is different from the actual origin. In most agreements, the exporter (the producer) shall issue the certificate of origin and since the importer has no other option than obtaining the certificate of origin from the exporter, it may face consequences such as declined credibility from the custom authorities in addition to being disqualified for FTA preferential, if the certificate of origin received from the exporter has flaws. On the other hand, the exporter cannot help but being punished by the customs authorities due to issuing defective origin certificates, but it doesn't have conventionary liabilities for damages incurred to the importer. As a result, importers are forced to pursue legal proceedings to claim damages to exporters or to give up FTA preference. As FTA is increasingly utilized, the number and amount of origin verification in Korea has continuously been increasing while administrative judgements indicates other FTA exporters doesn't seem to gain any support in utilizing FTA like Korea does. It has been 8 years since full-scale supports in FTA launched and now is the time to introduce more efficient and intensive FTA support system In this regard, it is desirable to conduct comprehensive verification on export Next, an institutions that assures FTA-based exports should be established in order to compensate the importer's damages that may occur from disqualified certificate of origin issued by the exporter.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2007

Purpose: The authors investigated whether 35 flexible nail-rotating hinge composite reconstructions around knee joint minimize junctional osteolysis of host bone. Material and Method: The reconstructive technique was as follows: 1) en bloc tumor resection, 2) filling of the host bone marrow cavity with multiple Ender nails, 3) assembling the Ender nails and an Endo-Link type total knee component with wire and bone cement. Result: Mean follow-up was 53 months (ranged 30~79). At final follow-up, 29 patients retained a mobile joint. Resection of more than 40% of bone showed a positive relationship with junctional hypertrophy (p=0.028). Eight patients showed nail breakage and eight prostheses were removed due to early or late infection. The cumulative prosthetic survival rate was 33% at 6 year. Average functional score according to the MSTS criteria was 26.8. Conclusion: Mid-term evaluations showed that results were fair. The revision process was straightforward. Junctional hypertrophy observed appears to give some clues as to how to minimize osteolysis at the prosthesis-host junction after modular prosthesis fixation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.317-327
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• 2014

To improve the efficiency of wireless channel, IEEE 802.11ac uses the DL MU-MIMO MAC scheme through which an AP transmits multiple frames to different mobile nodes simultaneously. IEEE 802.11ac DL MU-MIMO MAC needs a new step, called as TXOP sharing, between legacy IEEE 802.11n DL SU-MIMO's two operations, the obtaining an EDCA TXOP and the transmitting multiple frames for EDCA TXOP. In the TXOP sharing operation, both wireless channel destinations and frames transmitted for its TXOP period should are determined. So this paper deals with the TXOP sharing for improving IEEE 802.11ac MAC performance. However, the EDCA priority based method mentioned by IEEE 802.11ac standard document not fair among the buffers and the frames of buffers, and occurs in high_loss rate and high_delay about specific buffers. In this paper, we propose a new scheme of the TXOP sharing with sequencing p-AC, s-AC in similar properties, and all S-AC. This method provides a differentiated service without damage of EDCA characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.107-116
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• 2009

As the Fundamentals of Construction Business Act was revised in December 2004 and its implementing ordinances and enforcement regulations were adjusted in June 2005, the screening system of low price subcontracting has been an obligation to the public owners, having brought about arguments for and against since it enacted in 1983. The statutes for low price subcontracting have been reinforced from this year; for example, it underlines to submit to a project and builds an information network of subcontracting works. The system's original intention was that prevents shoddy and fraudulent constructions caused by low price subcontracting and precludes disturbances of fair trade by screening that whether it satisfies the conditions or not in advance. But, the criterion for the existing low price subcontracting has several issues having held up a true mirror to the real situation. It is arguable to discharge an important task with the primary purpose. This dissertation have researched the problem with a deposit of subcontract and the low price subcontracting basic rate are being used by the criteria for deciding whether it is a low price subcontracting or not, so showing the plan of reformation based on the findings, it wishes to contribute toward making the most of the system's essential intent.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 2014

To identify distribution of epilithic diatom assemblages and the relationship between diatoms and water chemistry, samples were collected twice a year from 2008 to 2012, from at 6 streams in Jeju Island, South Korea. A total of 171 diatom taxa were identified, and Achnanthes lanceolata, Gomphonema pumilum, Melosira varians, Navicula minima and Nitzschia palea were dominantly observed. BOD ranged 0.0~1.6 mg $L^{-1}$, TN 0.230~13.240 mg $L^{-1}$ (average 4.432 mg $L^{-1}$), TP 0.020~0.316 mg $L^{-1}$ (average 0.092 mg $L^{-1}$), and N/P rate ranged 2.5~178.5. Average of epilithic algal chlorophyll-a and AFDM were 1.1 ${\mu}gcm^{-2}$ and 0.6 mg $cm^{-2}$, respectively. According to BOD standard, the water qualities of study area sites were at 'Good' level. However, the healthiness levels assessed from DAIpo and TDI were 'Fair' to 'Poor'.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.413-424
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• 2009

Wireless sensor network is based on an event driven system. Sensor nodes collect the events in surrounding environment and the sensing data are relayed into a sink node. In particular, when events are detected, the data sensing periods are likely to be shorter to get the more correct information. However, this operation causes the traffic congestion on the sensor nodes located in a routing path. Since the traffic congestion generates the data queue overflows in sensor nodes, the important information about events could be missed. In addition, since the battery energy of sensor nodes exhausts quickly for treating the traffic congestion, the entire lifetime of wireless sensor networks would be abbreviated. In this paper, a new congestion control method is proposed on the basis of genetic algorithm. To apply genetic algorithm, the data traffic rate of each sensor node is utilized as a chromosome structure. The fitness function of genetic algorithm is designed from both the average and the standard deviation of the traffic rates of sensor nodes. Based on dominant gene sets, the proposed method selects the optimal data forwarding sensor nodes for relieving the traffic congestion. In experiments, when compared with other methods to handle the traffic congestion, the proposed method shows the efficient data transmissions due to much less queue overflows and supports the fair data transmission between all sensor nodes as possible. This result not only enhances the reliability of data transmission but also distributes the energy consumptions across the network. It contributes directly to the extension of total lifetime of wireless sensor networks.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.43-54
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• 2014

Purpose - This study was based on a theoretical consideration of the structural relationship between the support and control of the franchisor and the satisfaction and strategic response (voice, loyalty, exit, neglect) of the franchisee. First, based on the preceding research, this study systematically organized the type of support and control of the franchisor. Second, the study examined the effects of a franchisor's support and control on the expectancy disconfirmation between affiliated franchisees' expectations before a franchise agreement and performance after operating an affiliated store. Third, the study looked into the effects of expectancy disconfirmation relating to a franchisor's support and control on an affiliated franchisees' general satisfaction. Fourth, this study examined the influence of the general satisfaction of a franchisee on affiliated franchisees' response strategies. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, the population comprised the nation's franchisors, and the sample comprised franchisees conducting business in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. A self-administered questionnaire was used; the author and examiner explained the study's parameters to the interviewees in advance, to lessen the rate of rejection of the answers and to maintain reliability. The author distributed 350 copies of the questionnaire and collected 327 copies (93.4%). The author removed 54 copies of the sample, as these copies belonged to franchisees that were not registered by the Fair Trade Commission and/or were thought to have either defects or inadequate answers. The author selected an effective sample of 273 copies to enter data and to do the statistical analysis. Results - Both a reliability analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis were performed to measure reliability and validity, and a structural equation model was used to conduct the hypothesis test and investigate the models. The hypothesis was tested (Table 5). The models had a suitable fit, for instance, χ² = 447.663(df = 212, p = .000), χ²/df = 2.112, GFI = .881, AGFI = .858, RMR = .083, RMSEA = .067, NFI = .932, and CFI = .961. The hypothesis test results were as follows. Hypothesis 1 was accepted (C.R. = -2.339, p = .019). Hypothesis 2 was accepted (C.R. = 15.213, p = .000). Hypothesis 3 was accepted (C.R. = -2.631, p = .006). Hypothesis 4 was accepted (C.R. = 16.271, p = .000). Hypothesis 5 was accepted (C.R. = 2.391, p = .017). Hypothesis 6 was accepted (C.R. = 5.777, p = .000). Hypothesis 7 was accepted (C.R. = 17.153, p = .000). Hypothesis 8 was accepted (C.R. = 24.746, p = .000). Hypothesis 9 was accepted (C.R. = -10.150, p = .000). Hypothesis 10 was accepted (C.R. = -12.124, p = .000). Conclusions - The research results showed that expectations for a franchisor's support and control had a significant influence on expectation disconfirmation in a negative way, whereas the performance of support and control were found to have a significant influence on expectation disconfirmation in a positive way. In addition, the expectation disconfirmation of support and control was found to have a significant influence on satisfaction of franchisees in a positive way. Generally, regarding the research on control, control is found to have a negative influence on the satisfaction of franchisees, but this study proves that control is found to affect it in a positive way through conformity.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1969

Resistivity changes of n-type float-zone silicon crystals with 6.4$\times$10$^{14}$ to 1.25$\times$10$^{17}$ phosphorus atoms/㎤ due to irradiation by (1) 1 MeV electrons, (2) two types of research reactors, and (3) $Co^{60}$ ${\gamma}$-ray sources were investigated. The results were analyzed on the basis of a simple exponential formula derived by Buehler. While the formula gave a fair fit in the low fluence range in most cases, the deviation was quite appreciable in the case of 1 MeV electron irradiation, and a linear change gave better fit in some cases. The large change in the carrier removal rate in electron-irradiated samples in the high fluence range was analyzed in detail in terms of the Fermi level cross-over of the defect levels. Based on the damage constants evaluated from the initial portion of data where the formula was applicable, the relative effectiveness of various radiation sources in causing the resistivity change in n-type silicon was compared. The TRIGA Mark II reactor neutrons, for example, were found to be about 40 times more effective than 1 MeV electrons. The dependence of the damage constant on the initial carrier concentration was also examined. The physical basis of the exponential law and the effect of the Fermi level cross-over of the defect levels on the resistivity change in the high fluence ranges are discussed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2021

Since January 2019, insurance coverage for caries treatment of permanent teeth using composite resin in children aged 12 and under has started in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to compare the pattern of permanent molar composite resin restoration aged 12 and under before and after the insurance coverage from January 2009 to March 2020 in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital at Gangdong. Since the insurance coverage was started in 2019, the frequency of permanent molar composite resin restoration aged 12 and under has increased more than twice. There was a significant change in frequency of resin restoration by shape of cavity comparing before and after the insurance coverage, whereas there was no significant difference in changes by patient age, gender and position of tooth. As accessibility to the permanent tooth composite resin restoration is increased by the insurance coverage, which shows a fair survival rate, it is expected that it could be able to secure oral health in the early permanent dentition aged 12 and under.