• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.29
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• pp.35-44
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• 1998

공정거래위원회는 지난 ''97년 12월 29일 1998년도에 적용될 시장지배적사업자로 128개 품목의 311개 사업자(순사업자:188개)를 지정하고 ''98년 1월 1일부터 시행에 들어갔다. ''98년도에는 ''97년도 지정품목 및 사업자 중 13개 품목, 50개 사업자가 신규로 지정된 반면 14개 품목, 45개 사업자가 지정제외되어 지난해인 ''97년도에 비해 시장지배적사업자는 5개 증가한 반면, 시장지배적품목은 1개가 감소하였다. 이번에 공정위가 시장지배적품목 및 사업자의 변동상황을 분석한 결과, ''98년도에 신규로 시장지배적품목으로 지정된 품목은 주로 매출액의 증가에 따른 자연증가가 많았던 반면, 지정제외품목은 대부분 시장집중도 완화에 기인하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 시장지배적품목으로 계속 지정된 품목의 경우에도 사업자간의 시장점유율 순위와 상위 3사가 변동한 품목이 $32.3\%$에 달한 것으로 나타나 전반적으로 시장경쟁이 촉진되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 시장지배적품목의 시장집중도의 경우에는 1사 지배품목의 수와 3사 지배품목 중 $90\%$ 이상의 고집중품목의 수가 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 공정위는 앞으로 시장지배적사업자에 대하여는 최근의 경제상황을 감안하여 물가와 민생안정에 역점을 두고 공정거래법을 집행해 나갈 계획으로 있다. 이를 위해 가격남용, 출고조절, 공동행위 등 물가안정을 저해하는 시장지배적사업자의 법위반행위에 대한 감시를 강화하고, 특히 휘발유, 맥주, 라면 등 물가와 서민생활에 큰 영향을 미치는 독과점품목에 대하여 철저히 감시할 계획이며, 독과점시장 구조개선시책의 일환으로 ''96년부터 추진하고 있는 26개 우선개선대상품목의 경쟁촉진방안을 적극적으로 추진할 계획으로 있다고 밝혔다.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.110
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• pp.10-22
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• 2004

최근 서울고등법원은 일련의 판결에서 상품$\cdot$용역거래와 자금$\cdot$자산거래를 구분하고, 전자에 수반하여 간접적으로 자금지원효과를 내는 행위는 자금지원행위에 포섭되지 않는다고 판시하였다. 그 논거로는 공정거래법 관련 조항의 문언이나 입법취지, 여타 불공정거래행위 규정의 사문화 우려 및 확대해석에 따른 규제의 예측가능성 위협 등이 제시되었다. 그런데 지원행위에 대한 서울고법의 ''이분법적 접근방법''(dichotomous approach)은 지원행위의 개념, 성질 및 효과, 불공정거래행위 금지의 체계 등에 비추어 부당하다. 지원행위에 관한 한 상품$\cdot$용역 거래를 자금$\cdot$자산거래와 구별할 수 있는 객관적 기준이 존재할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라, 공정거래법은 일관되게 단지 거래의 목적물뿐만 아니라 거래에 수반되는 반대급부나 결제방법 등의 관점에서 폭넓게 지원행위를 규정함으로써 상품$\cdot$용역거래에 따라 지원효과가 발생하는 경우를 염두에 두고 있기 때문이다. 또한 부당 지원 행위금지는 차별취급 등 여타 불공정 거래행위금지에 대한 특별법적 성격을 갖는 것으로서 양자가 경합할 경우 원칙적으로 전자가 우선적용 되어야 하며, 나아가 지원효과의 직$\cdot$간접성을 기준으로 지원행위 여부를 가리는 것은 지나치게 자의적인 것으로서 규제의 예측가능성을 더욱 저해하고, 수범자의 탈법행위를 용이하게 할 수 있다. 다만, 계열회사간 지원행위는 경제적 효율성을 수반할 수 있고 그 자체가 경쟁질서를 위협하는 것은 아니라는 점에서, 지원성 거래는 가능한 폭넓게 인정하되 그에 따른 부당성 내지 공정거래 저해성 판단에 신중을 기하는 방향으로 관련 조항을 해석하는 것이 바람직하다.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.12
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• pp.2520-2528
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• 2009

In this paper, we proposed tracking detection methodology using information granulation-based fuzzy radial basis function neural networks (IG-FRBFNN). According to IEC 60112, tracking device is manufactured and utilized for experiment. We consider 12 features that can be used to decide whether tracking phenomenon happened or not. These features are considered by signal processing methods such as filtering, Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) and Wavelet. Such some effective features are used as the inputs of the IG-FRBFNN, the tracking phenomenon is confirmed by using the IG-FRBFNN. The learning of the premise and the consequent part of rules in the IG-FRBFNN is carried out by Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm and weighted least squares method (WLSE), respectively. Also, Hierarchical Fair Competition-based Parallel Genetic Algorithm (HFC-PGA) is exploited to optimize the IG-FRBFNN. Effective features to be selected and the number of fuzzy rules, the order of polynomial of fuzzy rules, the fuzzification coefficient used in FCM are optimized by the HFC-PGA. Tracking inference engine is implemented by using the LabVIEW and loaded into embedded system. We show the superb performance and feasibility of the tracking detection system through some experiments.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.25
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• pp.41-46
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• 1997

헝가리는 1983년 공산주의 정권의 붕괴와 함께 소련으로부터 독립, 자유경제체제를 도입하므로써 괄목할 만한 경제성장을 이룩하고 동구권 국가 중에서 교역량이 비교적 크게 증가하였으며 우리 나라보다 한발 앞서 OECD회원국이 되었다. 헝가리에 공정거래제도가 처음 도입된 것은 아주 오래전인 1923년으로서, 당시 헝가리 경쟁법에서는 카르텔 부분이 담겨있지 않았다고 한다. 1931년에 와서 경쟁법의 개정으로 비로소 카르텔이 금지되고 위반행위에 대해서 민사소송에 의하여 구제되어 왔던 제도가 국가가 직접 집행권을 행사하게 된다. 그러나 1945년 제2차 세계대전의 종결과 함께 사회주의 정권 하에서 오랜 기간 경쟁법의 정당성을 인정받지 못하다가 1984년에 와서 카르텔, 불공정한 시장관행 및 지배적 지위의 남용을 금지하는 헝가리 최초의 현대적 의미의 포괄적인 ''경쟁법''이 도입되었으나 이 때에도 합병규제에 대한 내용은 없었다. 이러한 과정에서 경제발전과 함께 1990년에 와서야 합병규제 조항을 경쟁법에 반영하고 경쟁정책의 종합적인 집행기관으로 ''경제 경쟁청''이 설치되었다. 그 후 EU 경쟁법과의 법체계상 조화를 이루도록 개정하여 1997년 1월 1일부터 현행 ''헝가리 경쟁법''을 시행하여 오고 있다. 헝가리 경쟁법의 특징은 선진외국법을 모방하기보다는 헝가리의 경제발전 단계에 맞도록 발전시켜 온 독창성에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 본 고는 경쟁법 연구에 참고가 되도록 헝가리 경쟁법의 독특한 내용을 요약하여 소개하는 것이다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.895-904
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• 2012

Today, the competition for hub-port is getting fierce and the shipping liners have enjoyed the increased bargaining power over the terminal operators through the mergers & acquisitions (M&A) and strategic alliances. This result leads the competition among terminal operators to attract liner companies and cargoes in their terminals. In demand side, however, there is a limited container cargo volume to handle because of a steady growth of cargo traffic. While, in supply side, continuous development of port terminals increased more competition among ports or terminals for cargoes. In particular the terminal operating market of Busan port is distorted because of the cargo competition between Busan North-port and Newport. The main purpose of this study is to suggest the stabilization measures of container terminal operating market in Busan port through analysis of the terminal operation market structures and market survey analysis method. For stabilizing the container terminal market, this study suggests the improvement of the legal and institutional system such as improvement in determining and reporting system of stevedoring tariff, establishment of fair competition rules etc., the introduction of port pooling system and adoption of volume-linked terminal lease system with cargo volume ceiling system for each terminal operator.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2012

This study aims to find out the effectiveness of regulation of promotional gifts and exemption of charges by analyzing the judgement criterion of illegality and the corrective action taken by regulatory agencies and suggests effective way of regulation. The results show that recently the differences of price-cut is getting bigger. In addition, Fair Trade Commission has considered discounts as unfair predatory price only if price is below the cost. But in the telecommunication business law enacted by Korea Communications Commission, 'expected profits per subscriber' has been applied as a key criterion. KCC's criterion is based not on the expected profit of individual service provider but on the averaged profit of services providers. It doesn't consider differences of service quality and the cost structure between dominant firm and late comers. Prohibition act of user discrimination result in the increase of subscriber and operating profits of late comers but this is not direct purpose of regulation. It can be desirable in the aspect of fair competition but since it may reduce consumer welfare, the criterion needs to be reconsidered.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.64
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• pp.39-64
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• 2014

The object of International License Contract is technology. Technology is means to produce visible goods, which are human's intellectual creations such as Intellectual Property Right - patent, design, trademark- and Know-how. Unlike visible goods which decrease as being used, these technologies are possible to be produced expansively and develop additionally. Therefore, the way to make a contract of goods is a sales contract which transfers ownership while technology follows license contract which gives approval of use for a certain period. International license contract means that licensor has right to possess, allows licensee to use licensed technology for a fixed period and takes royalty. So there are various matters such as selection of the duration of a contract, confirmation of technology range, competition limitation, technique guidance and support, calculation of royalty, withholding tax between parties. This study examines licensor's grant of license and competition limitation. Intellectual property rights fundamentally give exclusive rights to the creator so the licensor use or dispose of his or her intellectual property rights at will. Technology transfer is possible through license contract because of this right. But licensor must exercise his or her intellectual property rights within a reasonable limit. It means, when licensor makes an unreasonable demand abusing his or her position, it is regarded as competition limitation clause and the deal itself may become null. Therefore, restraint on competition needs to be examined in detail as it influences on contract validity. Each country has their own competition laws for establishing a fair market order and inspection guide and guideline for judging whether there is any unfair act related to intellectual property rights. Judgment on intellectual property rights is subject the technology-introduced country's domestic laws and thus, contracting parties each need to precede opposite nation's domestic laws system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.115-127
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• 2011

As broadcasting contents are recognized as a key competition means, there are issues raised such as improvement of terrestrial retransmission system, introduction of PAR in broadcasting market and so forth. Especially, in pay broadcasting market, strategic partership between SP and PP leads to contents exclusivity for competitors, which causes to hinder normal competition and limit viewers' right of access. Consequently, not only is it claimed that essential facilities doctrine should be adopted in broadcasting market, but also clause of content equal access in IP TV law and adoption of prohibited acts regulation can be viewed in the same context. However, adoption of essential facilities doctrine in broadcasting market is likely to be counterproductive because of the differences of philosophies, economies and legal systems on which general facilities and contents are based. Therefore, it is time for a essential facilities concept, a fundamental concept of a refusal to dealing of essential facilities, and basic works to review specific cases and precedents implemented in competition laws market This study aims to review and propose beforehand if adoption of essential facilities doctrine is appropriate for broadcasting contents.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.44
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• pp.180-222
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• 2008

This study briefly examines the regulation of market-dominating enterprises in terms of market definition, judgement about market dominance, judgement about abuse of market-dominant position, and types of abuse of market-dominant position. This study explores Korea Fair Trade Commission's judgemental cases regarding the prohibition of abuse of market-dominant positions under 'Korea Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act' and focuses on 21 cases related with Korean media industry. Based on this case analysis and literature review, this study derives major issues, problems, and possible alternatives in the regulation of market-dominating enterprises in media markets. And this study suggests implications about monopoly regulation and fair competition policy of Korean media industry.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.44
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• pp.63-101
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• 2013

This article firstly explores into the concepts, components, and pictures of institutional realization of competition and diversity respectively on the premise that competition and diversity comprise the primary objectives to be pursued by the broadcasting-related laws which provide the concrete measures of media policy, and argues that while the competition objective has differentiation factors, there are also particularities in the diversity value in the broadcasting-related laws as sector-specific competition laws. Then assuming that special competition rules including structural regulatory measures particularly in the broadcasting market are required in order to realize values of competition and diversity harmoniously, this article suggests the following improvement directions for regulations aimed at protection of competition and diversity in the broadcasting-related laws. The first one is with the improvement method for regulations aimed at protection of competition. Regulation on share of audience as an ex ante regulation of status and regulation on prohibited activities as an ex post regulation of conduct may play important roles in substituting the causative regulation while seeking for diversity value. For this purpose, it is needed to develop a concrete method that incorporates diversity-related factors as consideration factors in the standard for determining illegality of prohibited activities by inference to methods of determining illegality in the competition law. The second one is with the improvement method for regulations aimed at protection of diversity. This could be considered from three viewpoints that are the setting of regulatory objectives, the identification of alternative regulatory measures, and the choice of regulatory measures and levels suitable for regulatory objectives. From these viewpoints, the regulatory framework should be improved mainly with institutional measures in which diversity value is used for tools of assessment and analysis, not just remaining as mere rhetorical devices, and whether or to what extent to maintain regulations seemingly unreasonable in terms of harmonization with economic objectives such as competition should be discreetly reviewed.