• 터널과지하공간
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2010

가속 크리프 거동을 보이는 재료의 파괴를 설명하기 위하여 재료 파괴식($\ddot{\Omega}=A{(\dot{\Omega})}^\alpha$, $\Omega$는 변위와 같은 측정가능한 양을 나타낸다)이 사용된다. 상수 A와 $\alpha$는 주어진 측정 자료를 곡선적합하여 얻는다. 본 연구에서는 재료 파괴식을 이용하여 터널의 파괴시간을 예측하였고, 재료 파괴식을 적용하기 위하여 4가지 곡선적합기법이 사용되었다. 4가지 곡선적합기법 중 로그속도-로그가속도기법, 로그시간-로그속도기법, 역속도법은 선형최소자승법을 이용하고 비선형최소자승기법은 Levenberg-Marquardt 알고리즘을 이용한다. 로그속도-로그가속도기법은 재료 파괴식을 대수형태로 만들어 해석을 하기 때문에 터널의 파괴시간 예측에 재료 파괴식을 적용하는 것이 타당한지에 대한 근거를 제시한다. 로그속도-로그가속도기법에 따른 자료의 상관계수가 0.84로 비교적 높게 나타났기 때문에 재료 파괴식을 터널의 파괴시간 예측에 적용하는 것이 타당하다고 판단된다. 실제 파괴시간과 4가지 곡선적합기법으로부터 얻은 예측 파괴시간을 비교한 결과 로그시간-로그속도기법이 가장 우수한 결과를 보여주는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1994년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.231-234
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• 1994

Concentrated stresses due to the tunnel excavation easily cause failure around opening in the soft rock mass layer. Thus, while excavatng tunnel in the soft rock mass layerm it is very important to predict the possibility of failure or yielding zones around tunnel boundary. There are two typical methods to predict these; 1) the analysis of field monioring data and 2) numerical analysis. In this study, it was attempted to describe the time-dependent or progressive rock mass manner due to the continuous failure and fracturing caused by surrounding underground openings using the second method. In order to apply the effects of progressive failure underground, an iterative technique was used with the Hoek and Brown rock mass failure theory. By developing and simulating, three different shapes of twin tunnels, this research simulated and estimated the proper size of critical pillar width between tunnels, distributed stresses on the tunnel sides, and convergences of tunnel crowns. Moreover, results out progressive failure technique based on the Hoek and Brown theory were compared with the results out of Mohr-Coulomb theory.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.421-438
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• 2016

Explosions inside transportation tunnels might result in failure of tunnel structures. This study investigated the failure mechanisms of circular cast-iron tunnels in saturated soil subjected to medium internal blast loading. This issue is crucial to tunnel safety as many transportation tunnels run through saturated soils. At the same time blast loading on saturated soils may induce residual excess pore pressure, which may result in soil liquefaction. A series of numerical simulations were carried out using Finite Element program LS-DYNA. The effect of soil liquefaction was simulated by the Federal Highway soil model. It was found that the failure modes of tunnel lining were differed with different levels of blast loading. The damage and failure of the tunnel lining was progressive in nature and they occurred mainly during lining vibration when the main event of blast loading was over. Soil liquefaction may lead to more severe failure of tunnel lining. Soil deformation and soil liquefaction were determined by the coupling effects of lining damage, lining vibration, and blast loading. The damage of tunnel lining was a result of internal blast loading as well as dynamic interaction between tunnel lining and saturated soil, and stress concentration induced by a ventilation shaft connected to the tunnel might result in more severe lining damage.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.288-295
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• 1999

지하 터널굴착으로 인하여 발생한 집중응력은 터널 주변의 암반에 변형이나 파괴를 쉽게 발생시킨다. 따라서 터널을 지하에 굴착할 경우에는 이러한 문제점들을 사전에 예측하는 것이 좋은데, 그 예측방법으로는 계측자료를 이용하는 방법과 컴퓨터 수치해석을 통한 방법이 있다. 본 논문은 후자의 방법을 이용하여 터널 굴착 후 터널 주변 암반에 나타나는 시간 경과에 따른 암반의 진행적 파괴 거동을 해석하였으며, 본 해석을 위해 반복(Iteration)기법을 Hoek-Brown이론과 접목하여 사용하였다. 또한, 터널 형상이 서로 다른 3가지 모델을 이용하여, 터널간 이격거리와 내공변위 그리고 집중 응력의 변화 양상 등을 검토하였으며, 본 연구의 결과를 국내에서 많이 사용하고 있는 Mohr-Coulomb 이론을 적용하였을 때 얻어지는 결과와 비교 분석하였다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.558-566
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• 2009

암석의 시간 의존적 거동은 기본적인 역학적 특성으로서 시간 의존적으로 거동을 분석하여 암반구조물의 파괴시간을 예측하는 것은 매우 중요하다. Voight가 제안한 재료 파괴 예측식($\ddot{\Omega}=A\dot{\Omega}^\alpha$, 여기서 $\Omega$는 변형률이나 변위와 같은 측정 가능한 물리량이고 A & $\alpha$는 상수이다)을 이용하여 터널, 사면 및 실내 크리프 시험으로부터 측정된 변위나 변형률로부터 파괴시간을 예측하고자 하였다. Voight식을 1차 및 2차 적분하여 구한 변위속도 및 변위식에 비선형최소자승법을 적용하여 A & $\alpha$를 구하였으며 이들 상수는 파괴시간을 예측하는데 사용되었다. 예측된 파괴시간은 실제 파괴시간과 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 크리프 변형률과 변형률속도에 선형역속도법을 적용하여 구한 예측 파괴시간은 변형률과 변형률속도를 이용하여 구한 파괴시간보다 오차가 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 1998

Considering the mechanical cracking in the concrete lining of tunnels occurring in relatively short period of time after the construction, there is a need for the study on the mechanical behavior and the cracking characteristics of double lining support system(shotcrete and concrete lining). For the proposed study, downscaled lining models of Kyung-Bu High Speed Railway tunnels were tested. Most longitudinal cracks at about 93 percentage developed within 30 arch degree from the vault. Cracking load was about 30 percentage of the failure load and the deflection under the cracking load was 10 percentage of the deflection under the failure load. The overbreak around the vault contributed to the reduction of the capacity for cracking and failure by the percentage greater than the reduced effective depth. Of several rock block types considered in this research, the triangular block was the most critical, and the right triangular block under eccentric load was secondly critical for the stability of the tunnel lining system. The dimensionless support reaction curves were derived from the experimental results for single and double lining. The general equation to compute the designed flexural moment was modified.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1350-1364
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• 2019

The ice damage occurs frequently in cold and dry region of western China in winter ice period and spring thaw period. In the drift ice condition, it is easy to form different extrusion force or impact force to damage tunnel lining, causing project failure. The failure project could not arrive the original planning and construction goal, giving rise to the water allocation pressure which influences diversion irrigation and farming production in spring. This study conducts the theoretical study on contact-impact algorithm of drift ices crashing diversion tunnel based on the symmetric penalty function in finite element theory. ANSYS/LS-DYNA is adopted as the platform to establish tunnel model and drift ice model. LS-DYNA SOLVER is used as the solver and LS-PREPOST is used to do post-processing, analyzing the damage degrees of drift ices on tunnel. Constructing physical model in the experiment to verify and reveal the impact damage mechanism of drift ices on diversion tunnel. The software simulation results and the experiment results show that tunnel lining surface will form varying degree deformation and failure when drift ices crash tunnel lining on different velocity, different plan size and different thickness of drift ice. The researches also show that there are damages of drift ice impact force on tunnel lining in the thawing period in cold and dry region. By long time water scouring, the tunnel lining surfaces are broken and falling off which breaks the strength and stability of the structure.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.595-603
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• 2019

A modified model combining Kriging and Monte Carlo method (MC) is proposed for probabilistic estimation of tunnel face stability in this paper. In the model, a novel uniform design is adopted to train the Kriging, instead of the existing active learning function. It has advantage of avoiding addition of new training points iteratively, and greatly saves the computational time in model training. The kinematic approach of limit analysis is employed to define the deterministic computational model of face failure, in which the Hoek-Brown failure criterion is introduced to account for the nonlinear behaviors of rock mass. The trained Kriging is used as a surrogate model to perform MC with dramatic reduction of calls to actual limit state function. The parameters in Hoek-Brown failure criterion are considered as random variables in the analysis. The failure probability is estimated by direct MC to test the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed probabilistic model. The influences of uncertainty level, correlation relationship and distribution type of random variables are further discussed using the proposed approach. In summary, the probabilistic model is an accurate and economical alternative to perform probabilistic stability analysis of tunnel face excavated in spatially random Hoek- Brown media.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.228-233
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• 1993

Patients with anomalous connection of the left coronary artery to the pulmonary artery are at risk for myocardial infarction, and early or sudden death. Between 1986 to 1992, a total of 4 of these patients underwent surgical intervention with various operative techniques at our institution. Age at operation ranged from 2 months to 43 years. Three infant patients had congestive heart failure, 2 of them had mitral regurgitaion, and 1 had ST-T change on elctrocardiogram. Operative techniques included direct coronary artery transfer to the aorta[n=2], intrapulmonary tunnel from the aortopulmonary window[n=1], coronary artery bypass using saphenous vein[n=1]. One deaths occured at 2 weeks after direct coronary arterial transfer due to respiratory failure caused by Respiratory Syncitial virus pneumonia. Supravalvar pulmoanry stenosis occured after intrapulmoanry tunnel. We recommend direct aortic implatation of the anomalous coronary artery at the time of diagnosis. Intrapulmonary tunnel from aortopulmonary window or subclavian-coronary anastomosis could be alternatives in whom aortic implantation is not feasible anatomically.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.219-240
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• 2019

This paper presents the comparison between SFT response with linear and nonlinear cables. The dynamic response analysis of submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is presented computationally with linear and nonlinear tension legs cables. The analysis is performed computationally for two wave directions one at 90 degrees (perpendicular) to tunnel and other at 45 degrees to the tunnel. The tension legs or cables are assumed as linear and non- linear and the analysis is also performed by assuming one tension leg or cable is failed. The Response Amplitude Operators (RAO's) are computed for first order waves, second order waves for both failure and non-failure case of cables. For first order waves- the SFT response is higher for sway and heave degree of freedom with nonlinear cables as compared with linear cables. For second order waves the SFT response in sway degree of freedom is bit higher response with linear cables as compared with nonlinear cables and the SFT in heave degree of freedom has higher response at low time periods with nonlinear cables as compared with linear cables. For irregular waves the power spectral densities (PSD's) has been computed for sway and heave degrees of freedom, at $45^0$ wave direction PSD's are higher with linear cables as compared with nonlinear cables and at $90^0$ wave direction the PSD's are higher with non-linear cables. The mooring force responses are also computed in y and z directions for linear and nonlinear cables.