• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.249-253
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• 2002

본 연구는 성장중인 닭에 있어서 질소 이용에 미치는 맹장절제 및 요소사료 첨가의 영향을 조사하기 위해서 실시되었다. 시험 사료는 19% 단백질 사료와 여기에 1% 요소를 첨가한 사료를, 시험 닭은 모의수술을 실시한 대조구와 맹장절제 수술을 실시한 처리구를 이용한 2 $\times$ 2의 요인시험법으로 행해졌다. 6일 동안의 본 시험기간 동안 물과 사료는 자유 섭취시켰다. 맹잘절제 수술닭의 사료효율은 요소의 급여에 의해서 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 19% 단백질사료 급여조건에서 맹장절제 수술 닭은 소화관내 사료의 통과시간을 유의하게 감소시켰지만(P<0.05), 반대로 19% 단백질사료 + 1% 요소 급여조건에서는 유의하게 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 맹장절제 수술은 사료에 관계없이 수분 배설량을 유의하게 증가시켰으며(P<0.05), 요소의 급여는 맹장절제 수술과 관계없이 수분의 배설량을 유의하게 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 양 사료 급여조건에서 맹장절제 수술은 요산 질소의 배설량을 체중 1009당 약 30 mg 정도씩 감소시켜서(P<0.05), 총 질소 배설에 대한 요산 질소의 배설비를 유의하기 감소시켰다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 성장중인 닭에서의 맹장절제 수술은 요산의 배설량을 감소시켜서 질소의 이용률을 개선 시켰으며, 본 연구의 결과는 이전에 성계를 통해서 얻어진 결과와도 일치하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.624-630
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• 2001

Two experiments on the effects of molasses additive on cassava tops silage quality to its feed intake and digestibility by growing Holstein$\times$local crossbred heifers were carried out. Sixteen plastic bags of one meter diameter and two meters length were allocated in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design with four replicates in the ensiling study, with and without the molasses additive and with two storage times (2 and 3 months). The silage produced in the first experiment was used in the feed intake and digestibility study. Six crossbred Holstein heifers, 160-180 kg live weight, were randomly allocated in a $3{\times}2$ change-over design to three treatments: Guinea grass ad libitum, 70% of grass ad libitum with a supplement of non-molasses cassava silage ad libitum, and 70% of grass ad libitum with a supplement of molasses cassava silage ad libitum. Ensiling was shown to be a satisfactory method for preservation of cassava tops. The HCN content was significantly reduced from $840mg\;kg^{-1}$ to 300 or $130mg\;kg^{-1}$, depending on storage period. The tannin content was not significantly changed. Molasses additive resulted in lower pH, Crude Protein (CP), NDF and higher DM content but did not otherwise affect chemical composition. The voluntary feed intake per 100 kg live weight of the heifers was 2.59, 2.65 and 2.91 kg DM of Guinea grass, non-molasses cassava tops silage and molasses cassava tops silage diet, respectively. Crude protein intake was significantly improved in the cassava tops silage diets. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF decreased with the silage supplement diets. No significant difference in digestibility was found between the non-molasses and molasses silage diets. The digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF in non-molasses cassava tops silage and molasses cassava tops silage was 49.4, 52.1, 45.81, 36.6, 27.7 and 49.7, 51.9, 47.55, 28.1, 19.5, respectively. It is concluded that cassava tops can be preserved successfully by ensiling and that cassava tops silage is a good feed resource for cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to determine optimal lysine requirement of lactating Mong Cai sows and their piglets. An experiment was conducted using 30 Mong Cai sows in a factorial randomized design with 5 dietary total lysine levels (0.60, 0.70, 0.85, 1.0 and 1.15%) for one-week pre-partum and 5 dietary total lysine levels (0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05 and 1.2%) for lactation diets. Mong Cai sows were about 1 to 2 years old and had an initial body weight of 120 kg (sd = 2.5) after farrowing. Sows were restrictively fed 1.7 kg feed during gestation and were fed ad libitum during lactation. Diets of sows contained about 12% CP during pregnancy and about 14% CP for the lactation period. DE concentration of the diets ranged between 12.5-13.0 MJ of DE. Water was supplied at up to 8 liters per sow per day in a basin. Studied traits were related to both sows and their progeny. Sows were weighed at 107 days of gestation, after farrowing and at weaning. Sow back-fat depth was measured at 110 days of gestation, after farrowing, at 21 days of lactation and at weaning. Number of piglets born, at 24 h after birth, at 21 days of age and at weaning were recorded. Piglets were weighte at birth, at 21 days and at weaning. Supplying lysine one week pre-partum had no effect on the number of piglets born nor litter weight at birth (p = 0.776 and p = 0.224). A positive effect of increasing dietary lysine level during lactation from 0.60 to 1.20% was observed with regard to less sow weight loss, and increased piglet weight at 21 days and at weaning. The level of lysine that resulted in the lowest sow backfat loss and the highest weaned piglet weight was 1.05%; this may be the optimum level of lysine for the diet of lactating Mong Cai sows. At this lysine level, the number of weaned piglets was also highest.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2011

Six male crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats, with an average initial weight of $22{\pm}2\;kg$, were randomly assigned according to a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design with a 21-d period to evaluate the effect of feeding rubber seed kernel (RSK) and palm kernel cake (PKC) in combination on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation characteristics, and nitrogen utilization. The dietary treatments were as follows: i) concentrate containing 0% RSK and 20% PKC ($T_1$), ii) 0% RSK and 30% PKC ($T_2$), iii) 20% RSK and 20% PKC ($T_3$), iv) 20% RSK and 30% PKC ($T_4$), v) 30% RSK and 20% PKC ($T_5$), and vi) 30% RSK and 30% PKC ($T_6$). During the experiment, signal hay was given on an ad libitum basis as the roughage. It was found that RSK levels and PKC levels had no interaction effects on feed intake, apparent digestibility, $NH_3$-N, blood metabolites, VFA concentrations, and nitrogen utilization, but there were interactions between RSK levels and PKC levels with respect to total DMI (kg/d) and total VFA concentrations, and goats receiving 30% RSK had lower values (p<0.05) than those receiving 0 and 20% RSK, respectively. Feeding different PKC levels did not affect (p>0.05) feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, blood metabolites, and nitrogen utilization. However, increasing RSK levels (>20%) resulted in a slightly lower daily DMI (% BW and g/kg $BW^{0.75}$), apparent digestibility (NDF and ADF), total N intake, and N excretion than in goats fed on 0 and 20% RSK. BUN, blood glucose, and propionate were variable among treatment and were highest in 0% RSK with the 20% PKC fed group having values which were higher than those in other groups. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments with respect to N retention, PD output, and microbial N supply. Based on this study, RSK levels up to 20% and PKC at 20-30% in concentrate could be efficiently utilized for goats fed on signal hay.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.659-667
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and protease on nitrogen (N) utilization, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in growing pigs. A total of six crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows were individually accepted in 1.2 m × 0.7 m × 0.96 m stainless steel metabolism cages. The pigs (average initial body weight of 27.91 ± 1.84 kg) randomly assigned to six diets with six weeks (6 × 6 Latin square design). The experiment was carried out in an environment with a temperature of 23 ± 1.5℃, a relative humidity of 83 ± 2.3% and a wind speed of 0.25 ± 0.03 m/s. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design with two levels of CP (15.3% or 17.1%) and three levels of protease (0 ppm, 150 ppm, or 300 ppm). The average daily gain and gain to feed ratio (G:F) tended to increase (p = 0.074) with increasing amounts of protease. The low CP level diet reduced (p < 0.050) urinary and fecal N concentrations, the total N excretion in feces, and increased (p < 0.050) N retention. Different protease levels in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) at N intake, but supplementation of the diets with 300 ppm protease decreased (p < 0.050) the N concentration in urine and feces and tended to increase (p = 0.061) the percentage of N retention retained of the total N intake. The dietary CP level did not affect (p > 0.050) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, digestible energy (DE), and metabolic energy (ME), but diet supplementation with 300 ppm protease showed higher (p < 0.050) ATTD of DE and ME than in the protease-free diet. Therefore, a low protein diet with protease could improve the utilization of nitrogen, thereby reducing the negative effect of N excretion into the environment while maintaining or increasing growth performance compared to a high protein diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.981-991
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate (CSL) performance as an exogenous emulsifier together with lipase for broiler diets. Methods: In total, 252 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 6 replications per treatment with 7 birds in each cage. There were six dietary treatments representing a 2×3 factorial arrangement consisted of two energy levels (standard energy [positive control, PC] and -100 kcal/kg of the requirement level [negative control, NC]) and three dietary treatments (without additives [CON], CON+CSL [CSL], and CON+CSL+lipase [CSL-Lipase]). Corn and soybean meal-based experimental diets containing vegetable oil were formulated. Growth performance, blood parameters, visceral organ weights, ileal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and cytokine gene expression were measured. Results: Birds fed a diet including CSL increased (p<0.05) lipase level in blood compared to birds fed a diet including CSL-Lipase on day 21. Similarly, higher (p<0.05) liver weight was observed in birds fed a diet including either CSL or CSL-Lipase on day 21. Birds fed NC diet with CSL improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility compared to the NC diet on day 21. However, birds fed a diet supplemented with CSL or CSL-Lipase did not affect (p>0.05) the weight gain, feed efficiency, ileal morphology, and cytokine concentrations during the experiment period, regardless of dietary energy levels. Conclusion: Our results indicated that CSL has a role in improving nutrient digestibility in young birds when supplemented to a corn-soybean meal based broiler diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.849-856
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• 2017

Objective: The net energy requirement for the maintenance ($NE_m$) of broilers was determined using regression models by the indirect calorimetry method (ICM) or the comparative slaughter method (CSM). Methods: A $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement of treatments including the evaluation method (ICM or CSM) and feed intake (25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of ad libitum recommended) was employed in this experiment. In the ICM, 96 male Arbor Acres (AA) birds aged d 15 were used with 4 birds per replicate and 6 replicates in each treatment. In the CSM, 116 male AA birds aged d 15 were used. Among these 116 birds, 20 were selected as for initial data and 96 were assigned to 4 treatments with 6 replicate cages and 4 birds each. The linear regression between retained energy (RE) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) or the logarithmic regression between heat production (HP) and MEI were used to calculate the metabolizable or net energy requirement for maintenance ($ME_m$) or $NE_m$, respectively. Results: The evaluation method did not detect any differences in the metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), and NE:ME of diet, and in the MEI, HP, and RE of broilers. The MEI, HP, and RE of broilers decreased (p<0.01) as the feed intake decreased. No evaluation method${\times}$feed intake interaction was observed on these parameters. The $ME_m$ and $NE_m$ estimated from the linear relationship were 594 and 386 kJ/kg of body weight $(BW)^{0.75}/d$ in the ICM, and 618 and 404 kJ/kg of $BW^{0.75}/d$ in the CSM, respectively. The $ME_m$ and $NE_m$ estimated by logarithmic regression were 607 and 448 kJ/kg of $BW^{0.75}/d$ in the ICM, and were 619 and 462 kJ/kg of $BW^{0.75}/d$ in the CSM, respectively. Conclusion: The NEm values obtained in this study provide references for estimating the NE values of broiler diets.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2017년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.10-10
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• 2017

우리나라 고추 재배는 ha당 총 노동투하시간 2,436 hr 중 수확작업시간은 954 hr으로 총 노동투하시간의 39.2%를 점유하고 있어 수확작업의 생력화를 위해 고추수확작업의 기계화가 절실히 필요하다. 고추 수확의 기계화를 위해 국내 T사에서 자주식 고추 수확기를 개발 중에 있다. 현재 고추를 기계로 채취하게 되면 많은 양의 줄기달린 고추가 유입되므로 수확 후 분리하는 작업에 있어 많은 인력과 시간이 소요되는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 드럼 회전 타입의 2차 탈실부 요인시험 장치를 제작하여 드럼의 회전속도, 드럼과 급치 사이 간격에 대해 요인시험을 수행함으로써 자주식 고추수확기 2차 탈실부의 적정 작업조건을 파악함에 목적을 두었다. 탈실부 요인시험 장치는 급치가 부착된 3개의 드럼 형태의 탈실부와 이송벨트로 구성된다. 공시재료인 고추는 광주광역시 남구 승촌동 소재의 개인농가에서 Plastic 온실로 재배된 '천상' 품종을 사용하였다. 본 요인시험은 드럼의 회전속도(40, 70, 100, 130 rpm)와 드럼과 급치 사이 간격(2, 5, 10 mm)으로 요인을 설정하여 시험을 수행하였다. 시험은 각 요인 당 3반복으로 실시하였으며, 투입되는 시료는 줄기달린 고추를 3가지의 형태로 구분하여 제작하였다. 각 요인에 따라 고추의 탈실률, 손상률에 대해 통계프로그램인 SAS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 드럼의 회전속도에 따른 요인시험결과, 손상 대비 탈실률로 비교했을 때 회전속도 40 rpm에서 탈실률 47.69%, 손상률 8.33%로 성능이 가장 낮았으며, 회전속도 70 rpm에서 탈실률 63.89%, 손상률 12.96%로 성능이 가장 높았다. 드럼과 급치 사이의 간격에 따른 요인시험결과, 간격이 클수록 탈실률 및 손상률이 줄어드는 경향을 보였으며, 5 mm일 때 성능이 가장 높았다. 반복이 있는 이원배치법을 이용하여 분석한 결과, 고추 탈실률과 손상률은 드럼의 회전속도와 드럼과 급치 사이 간격 모두에서 유의차가 발생한다고 나타났다. 요인시험 결과를 종합적으로 고려해 보았을 때, 드럼 회전속도 70 rpm, 드럼과 급치 사이 간격 5 mm에서 가장 높은 성능을 보였다. 고추 탈실률이 낮고, 손상률이 높아 탈실장치로서의 기능에 어려움이 있을 것으로 보이므로 추후 급치 타입의 변경 등 탈실장치의 보완 및 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 1974

신개지(新開地)에 있어서의 재배조건(栽培條件) 및 토양성질(土壤性質)의 변화(變化)가 대두수량(大豆收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)코저 광교품종(光敎品種)을 공시(供試)하여 재식밀도(栽植密度), 퇴비사용(堆肥施用), 석회(石灰)와 근류(根瘤) 균접종(菌接種) 및 요소용(要素施用)등의 4 요인(要因)을 4 반복(反復)의 $2^4$요인시험(要因試驗)을 실시(實施)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. (1) 밀식(密植), 퇴비(堆肥), 3 요소(要素)의 시용(施用)으로 무처리구(無處理區) 보다 각각 1.7, 1.4, 2.1 배(倍)의 수량증가(收臺增加)를 표시(表示)하였고 또 밀식(密植)${\times}$퇴비(堆肥), 밀식(密植)${\times}$3요소(要素), 퇴비(堆肥)${\times}$3요소(要素), 밀식(密植)${\times}$퇴비(堆肥)${\times}$석회근류균(石灰根瘤菌)${\times}$3요소(要素)의 상호결합(相互結合)에 있어서는 각각 2.0, 3.0, 2.6, 5.4배(倍)의 수량증대(收量增大)를 보였다. 그러나 석회(石灰)와 근류균(根瘤菌)의 시용(施用)의 경우(境遇)에는 증수효과(增收效果)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다. (2) 수량(收量)이 많을 경우(境遇)에 100 입중(粒重)도 큰 경향(傾向)이 인정(認定)되었다. (3) 전(全) 시험군(試驗區)의 pH는 대두재배(大豆栽培)에 의해서 중성화(中性化)되는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. (4) 퇴비(堆肥) 및 3 요소(要素)의 시용(施用)에 있어서는 토양(土壤)중의 부식(腐植), 전질소(全窒素), 유효인산의 함량(含量)이 증대(增大)되었다. (5) 자일수량(子實收量)의 처리구별(處理區別) 변동양상(變動樣相)은 토양(土壞)중의 유효인산(有效燐酸)의 함량(含量)과 밀접(密接)한 병행적(竝行的) 관계(關係)를 유지(維持)하면서 변동(變動)하였다.