• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.15-31
• /
• 2003

This study examined the effects of emotion inducing contexts on types of infants smiling. Facial expressions of forty-five 11-to 15-month-old infants were videotaped in an experimental lab with positive and negative emotional contests. Infants' smiling was identified as the Duchenne smile or non-Duchenne smile based on FACS(Facial Action Coding System, Ekman & Friesen, 1978). Duration of smiling types was analyzed. Overall, infants showed more smiling in the positive than in the negative emotional context. Occurrence of Duchenne smiling was more likely in the positive than in the negative context and in the peek-a-boo than in the melody toy condition within the same positive context. Non-Duchenne smiling did not differ by context.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.375-385
• /
• 2024

In the context of contemporary digital media, virtual influencers have become an increasingly important form of socialization and entertainment, in which emotional expression is a key factor in attracting viewers. In this study, we take Luo Tianyi, a Chinese virtual influencer, as an example to explore how emotions are expressed and perceived through facial expressions in different types of videos. Using Paul Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and six basic emotion classifications, the study systematically analyzes Luo Tianyi's emotional expressions in three types of videos, namely Music show, Festivals and Brand Cooperation. During the study, Luo Tianyi's facial expressions and emotional expressions were analyzed through rigorous coding and categorization, as well as matching the context of the video content. The results show that Enjoyment is the most frequently expressed emotion by Luo Tianyi, reflecting the centrality of positive emotions in content creation. Meanwhile, the presence of other emotion types reveals the virtual influencer's efforts to create emotionally rich and authentic experiences. The frequency and variety of emotions expressed in different video genres indicate Luo Tianyi's diverse strategies for communicating and connecting with viewers in different contexts. The study provides an empirical basis for understanding and utilizing virtual influencers' emotional expressions, and offers valuable insights for digital media content creators to design emotional expression strategies. Overall, this study is valuable for understanding the complexity of virtual influencer emotional expression and its importance in digital media strategy.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.380-384
• /
• 2010

Purpose: Distinguishing different types of implants and assessing the position and size of implants by radiologic exam after orbital wall reconstruction is important in determining the surgery outcome and forecasting prognosis. We observed time-dependent density changes in three types of implants (porous polyethylene, resorbing plate and titanium mesh plate) by performing facial bone CT after orbital wall reconstructions. Methods: A total of 32 patients, who had underwent orbital wall fracture surgery from October 2006 to March 2009 and received facial bone CT as outpatients at 1 postoperative year were included in the study. Follow-up facial bone CT was performed on the patients pre- operatively, 1 month post-operatively, and 1 year post-operatively to observe the status of the orbital implants. Medpor $^{(R)}$ (Porex Surgical, Inc., Newnan, Ga.) was used as porous polyethylene and followed-up in 14 cases; for resorbing plate, Synthes mesh plate (Synthes, Oberdorf, Switzerland) was used in the reconstruction, and followed-up in 11 cases; and titanium mesh plate usage was followed-up in 7 cases. Computed tomographic scan (CT) and water's view were done for radiography, and hounsfield unit (HU) was used to compare density of those facial bone CT. Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to statistically verify measurement difference in each group of hounsfield units. Results: Facial bone CT examination performed in 1 month post-operative showed that the density of porous polyethylene, resorbing plate and titanium mesh plate were -42.07, 105.67 and 539.48 on average, respectively. Among the three types of implants, titanium mesh plate showed the highest density due to its radiopaque feature. Following up the density of three types of implants in CT during 1 year after the orbital wall fracture surgery, the density of porous polyethylene increased in 10.52 House Field Units and the resorbing plate was decreased in 26.87 HouseField Units. There were no significant differences between densities in 1 month post-operatively and 1 year post-operatively in each group ($p{\geq}0.05$). Conclusion: We performed facial bone CT on patients with orbital fractures during follow-up period, distinguishing the types of implants by the different concentration of implant density, and the densities showed little change even at 1 year post-operative. To observe how implant densities change in facial bone CT, further studies with longer follow-up periods should be carried out.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.203-215
• /
• 2023

Social robots, which are mainly used by individuals, emphasize the importance of human-robot relationships (HRR) more compared to other types of robots. Emotional expression in robots is one of the key factors that imbue HRR with value; emotions are mainly expressed through the face. However, because of cultural and preference differences, the desired robot facial expressions differ subtly depending on the user. It was expected that a robot facial expression customization tool may mitigate such difficulties and consequently improve HRR. To prove this, we created a robot facial expression customization tool and a prototype robot. We implemented a suitable emotion engine for generating robot facial expressions in a dynamic human-robot interaction setting. We conducted experiments and the users agreed that the availability of a customized version of the robot has a more positive effect on HRR than a predefined version of the robot. Moreover, we suggest recommendations for future improvements of the customization process of robot facial expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.28 no.11
• /
• pp.1470-1481
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to research on facial shape to suggest a quantified data for the domestic apparel and beauty industry. Conducted a measurement research of 278 female college students, We took the photographs of front view and lateral view of the subjects by digital camera and obtained the 69 measurements through the facial measurement program. 264 ,subjects' measurement data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as descriptive analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis. Using the 69 measurement items,4 factors were selected as key factors for the factor analysis of facial shape, the factors are: \circled1 Front face height \circled2 Side face radial length \circled3 Front face breadth \circled4 Ear height and Gnathion radial length. We categorized the facial shape into four types by cluster analysis. Type 4 is the most common facial shape in female college students: \circled1 Type 1: Round face \circled2 Type 2: Oval face \circled3 Type 3: Square face \circled4 Type 4: Heart shaped face According to the facial shape analysis, facial shape of female college students are consisting of Heart shaped face(34.8%), Round face(29.2%), Square face(23.5%), oval face(12.5%).

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.44-53
• /
• 2006

The purposes of this study were to find out any significants among somatotypes and face types and importance of image making to successful students' life. The respondents were composed of 181 males and 160 females. It consists of total 29 items including the facial features, personality expression methods, characteristics of body shapes, image making, colors and neckline and their responses were measured with Likert 5-point scale. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis including $Χ^2$-test and frequency analysis were used. As the results, 47％ of male students and 28% of female students responded they were satisfied with their own facial types. 32% of male students and all female students were not satisfied with their own body shapes and fashion depends on accessories like hat, sunglasses, boots and necklace rather than dress itself. All male and female students were not satisfied with their body shapes and recognized the importance of image. They answered that they change image if someone advices their image and it suggests that information and intellectual needs of image making are required and approach to efficient methods of image making is needed.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.11 no.8
• /
• pp.1138-1145
• /
• 2008

Recently, performance-driven facial animation has been popular in various area. In television or game, it is important to guarantee real-time animation for various characters with different appearances between a performer and a character. In this paper, we present a new facial animation approach based on motion capture. For this purpose, we address three issues: facial expression capture, expression mapping and facial animation. Finally, we show the results of various examination for different types of face models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
• /
• 2009.01a
• /
• pp.689-694
• /
• 2009

We developed a facial image generating technique that can manipulate facial impressions. The present study applied this impression transferring method to higher-order impressions such as "elegance" or "attractiveness" and confirmed the psychological validity of this method using the semantic differential method. Subsequently, we applied this method to two types of cognitive experiments. First, we examined the contributions of texture and shape on the facial impressions by using those face images for which the impressions have already been quantitatively manipulated based on this method. Second, we used such stimuli to examine the effect of facial impressions and attractiveness on the "mere exposure effect." Thus, we concluded that the impression transfer vector method is an effective tool to quantitatively manipulate the facial impressions in various cognitive studies.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 2006

Objectives : In order to apply useful data to clinical practice, we undertook this study and tried to find factors related with sequelae of facial palsy in relation with patients' age and gender distribution, past history with the disease, condition before onset, duration of recovery time, existence of remaining sequelae, types of the sequelae, and duration for sequelae to disappear. Methods : We evaluated patients' condition (fatigue, stress, chills, cold and so on), past history (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, herpes zoster, cancer and so on), duration of recovery time, types of the sequelae, age and sequelae distribution as to when the treatments were started as we examined 473 patients who were diagnosed with facial palsy, and visited the Out-patient Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Bundang Oriental Medicine Hospital of Dongguk University through 2003 and 2004. Results : The sequelae of facial palsy were not significantly relevant to the signs found before facial palsy occurred(fatigue, stress, chills, and cold), or to patients' past history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, facial palsy, herpes zoster). The duration of recovery time was within 30 days for 45.3% of the patients examined in this study, and within 90 days for 72.6%. Evaluating the existence of sequelae in relation to age, we found more in the group comprised of patients aged 50 and over than under 50. We found more sequelae in the group which is consisted of patients who had not been treated until 6 days after than within 5 days from the onset. Conclusion: Attention to sequelae will be needed for patients aged 50 and over and who were not treated until 6 days after the onset, as they had more sequelae.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.195-206
• /
• 2017

Facial asymmetry can be classified into the rolling-dominant type (R-type), translation-dominant type (T-type), yawing-dominant type (Y-type), and atypical type (A-type) based on the distorted skeletal components that cause canting, translation, and yawing of the maxilla and/or mandible. Each facial asymmetry type represents dentoalveolar compensations in three dimensions that correspond to the main skeletal discrepancies. To obtain sufficient surgical correction, it is necessary to analyze the main skeletal discrepancies contributing to the facial asymmetry and then the skeletal-dental relationships in the maxilla and mandible separately. Particularly in cases of facial asymmetry accompanied by mandibular yawing, it is not simple to establish pre-surgical goals of tooth movement since chin deviation and posterior gonial prominence can be either aggravated or compromised according to the direction of mandibular yawing. Thus, strategic dentoalveolar decompensations targeting the real basal skeletal discrepancies should be performed during presurgical orthodontic treatment to allow for sufficient skeletal correction with stability. In this report, we document targeted decompensation of two asymmetry patients focusing on more complicated yaw-dependent types than others: Y-type and A-type. This may suggest a clinical guideline on the targeted decompensation in patient with different types of facial asymmetries.