• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.387-391
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• 2013

Background The most common cutaneous malignant masses are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma. The predominant site of a malignant mass is the face, which has many opportunities to be exposed to ultraviolet radiation. However the predilection sites of malignant masses have been equivocal due to the use of general regions, rather than anatomical landmarks, in surveys. A facial esthetic unit is an anatomical site classified as an area of similar facial contour characteristics that can be distinguished from other areas. The purpose of this study is to determine widely accepted anatomical landmarks using the esthetic unit. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 118 cases of malignant masses in our clinic from January 2005 to October 2012. We evaluated the patients' age, gender, and predilection site of the malignant mass by esthetic unit through pathology, medical records and patient photographs. We mapped the occurrence site of the malignant mass on schematic drawings of the esthetic units. Results Most of the malignant masses were BCC. The ratio of males to females was 1:1.41. The frequent predilection site of a malignant mass was on the nasal unit (33.1%), followed by the buccal unit (11.0%). Primary closure was the most common method of repairing a surgical defect (38.9%), followed by a local flap (35.5%). Conclusions This review described the relationship between clinical characteristics and esthetic units by proposing objective predilection sites for malignant masses, which can be used commonly as a framework in the study of malignant masses by unifying equivocal occurrence sites.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2009

Purpose: To correct the facial asymmetry and to achieve symmetry and balance, not only the soft tissue restoration of deficits but also creation and facial contour line such as mandible border and angle is important. Micro fat graft has limitation such as high resorption rate and somewhat limited ability to emphasize the rigid bony characteristics of the mandible angle due to its innate soft consistency. We have investigated the advantages of dermal fat graft over micro fat graft to correct asymmetry of the lower face in patients who had undergone mandibular reconstruction or distraction, using comparative analysis. Methods: Total of 12 patients were enrolled in our study: 6 micro fat graft and 6 dermal fat graft. Postoperative results were compared and analyzed at immediate postoperative period and more than 1 year later in each group with photographs, and analysised with image J program. Result: No complications were noted both in the micro fat type and the dermal fat type of procedures such as fat necrosis or micro calcifications. All of the patients who received micro fat graft, however had considerable amount of fat resorption after the procedure which led to two additional fat graft procedures. Although minor contour obliteration due to contracture was seen in patients who had undergone dermal fat graft procedure, no definite resorption was found even after more than one year follow-up. Results of dermal fat graft patients were satisfactory in terms of mandible angle symmetry. Secondary revision was necessary in one case due to overcorrection using dermal fat graft. Conclusion: The dermal fat graft has many advantages over the conventionally more popular micro fat graft to correct asymmetry of the lower face following mandible reconstruction owing to its lower resoption rate, more effective in emphasizing the natural curvilinear anatomical contours of the mandible angle and body and lower complication rates such as fat necrosis or micro calcifications.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2019

Background and Objectives Skin and soft tissue defects can be treated according to a range of strategies, such as local flap, skin graft, biological dressing, or free flap. On the other hand, free tissue transfer usually leaves a distinct scar with an inconsistency of color or hypertrophy. This problem is highlighted if the defect is located on the face, which could have devastating effects on a patient's psychosocial health. Materials and Methods The authors used an erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser to resurface the free flap skin and match the color with the surrounding facial skin. This study evaluated the effectiveness of laser skin resurfacing on the harmonious color matching of transferred flap. Patients who had undergone laser resurfacing on facial flap skin between January 2014 and December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. An ablative 2,940-nm fractional Er:YAG laser treatment was delivered to the entire flap skin at 21 J/cm² with the treatment end-point of pinpoint bleeding. Several months later, the clinical photographs were analyzed. The L^*a^*b^* color co-ordinates of both the flap and surrounding normal skin were measured using Adobe Photoshop. The L^*a^*b^* color difference (ΔE) for the scar and normal surrounding skin were calculated using the following equation: ${\Delta}E=\sqrt{({\Delta}L)^2+({\Delta}a)^2+({\Delta}b)^2}$ Results All five patients were satisfied with the more natural appearance of the flaps. The ΔE values decreased significantly from the pre-treatment mean value of 19.64 to the post-treatment mean value of 11.39 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p = 0.043). Conclusion Ablative laser resurfacing can improve the aesthetic outcome of free tissue transfer on the face.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제25권9호통권220호
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• pp.847-854
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• 1987

Genioplasty may considerably change a person's face which needs surgical correction of deformed chin. Comprehensive treatment planning is therefore decisive for the treatment to be successful. A three-dimensional analysis of chin relative to cranial base, upper and lower jaws using the frontal and lateral facial photographs and cephalographs permits classification of the defective chin position and provides a basis for operation planning and deciding upon the operation method. A chin miniplate system has been developed for intraoperative registration securing the sagittal, vertical and horizontal position of the osteotomized chin and ould reduce the relapse rate.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.230-234
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• 2014

We discovered a syrphid species, Tropidia rostrata Shiraki, 1930, for the first time in Korea. This is the first member of the genus Tropidia recorded in Korea. This species can be distinguished from other Palaearctic members of Tropidia by the combination of the following characteristics: lower facial margin strongly protrudes forward; apical 3/4 of hind femur black; and tergites 2 and 3 each with a pair large yellowish brown square spots (not reached hind margin). We here provide a detailed redescription supplemented by the color photographs of external structures including genitalia. We also discussed the status of primary types associated with this taxon.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2008년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.38-41
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• 2008

This study's basic intention is to analyze property of combination relations of formative element composing robot' s face based on a result of preference response on robot's design. Also, in order to improve preference from the analysis result, the study intended to inquire into possibilities of suggesting design guideline. For the above, photographs of 27 robots' faces were selected as a experimental stimuli, and experiments on preference response and association response were performed. As a result, various properties such as robots' form of eyes having greater influences than facial structure, etc. Based on the result, each formative element's property that could have positive influence preference response on robot's face could be drawn and basic design guideline could also be suggested.

• 대한심미치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.4-12
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• 2015

Purpose: 입술 주위에는 여러 개의 근육이 모여있기 때문에 여러 근육의 작용에 의해 표정을 지을때, 다양한 표정과 노화에 따른 주름 등의 변화가 나타나게 된다. 동물에서는 이러한 피부 및 근육이 몸 전체에 발달되어 있지만 사람에서는 얼굴에만 잘 발달되어 있고, 다른부위엔 목과 손바닥에 하나씩 있을 뿐이다. 해부학적인 연구에서 확인한 작은광대근의 변이중에 윗입술뿐만 아니라 콧방울로 갈라진 힘살이 콧방울 가쪽 부위에도 닿아서 형성되는 콧방울 가쪽 주름에 대해 alar band라 명명하였으며 이에 대한 임상적인 유병율을 알아보고자 한다. Materials & Methods: 교정 치료를 위해 경기도 개인치과의 교정과에 내원한 780명의 교정신환의 스마일 사진에서 alar band의 여부에 대해 알아보고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 골격의 형태 및 입술의 돌출, 성별, 연령 등과의 상관관계를 평가하였다. Results: 일반적 특성에 따른 alar band의 관련성에 대해서 살펴본 결과 성별에 대해서 남자는 18.5%, 여자는 27.9%로 나타나 남자보다 여자의 경우 더 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연령에 대해서는 가진 경우가 0-9세는 19.4%, 10-19세는 16.9%, 20-29세는 31.2%, 30-39세가 39.5%, 40-49세가 56.5%로 나타나 20대에서 40대로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). SN_NP에 대해서는 normodivergent facial type을 가진 경우가 26.2%, hyperdivergent facial type을 가진 집단이 22.0%, hypodivergent facial type을 가진 경우는 32.2%로 나타나 hypodivergent facial type을 가진 집단의 경우가 더 발생비율이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Upper LIP에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 Lower lip에 대해서는 alar band를 보인 경우가 정상하순 안모를 가진 집단은 26%, lower lip protrusion은 14.7%, retruded lower lip은 33.3%로 나타나 retruded lower lip의 경우 발생비율이 높게 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 즉, 성별, 연령, lower lip돌출정도에서 alar band와의 유의한 관련성을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Conclusions: alar band는 해부학적인 연구에서 27.8%에서 보였으며, 본 연구에서는 25.6%에서 확인할 수 있었고, 임상적인 사진에서는 여자, 나이가 들수록, 하순이 함입될수록 유의하게 더 보였으며 향후 심미 치료에서 이 부위에 보톡스 등의 심미치료를 할 때 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.347-358
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• 2013

측모의 연조직 분석 시 Subnasale는 중요한 기준점으로 사용되지만 이상적인 위치에 대한 평가한 연구는 드물다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국인 측모에서 Subnasale의 위치 변화에 따른 심미적 안모에 대한 객관적 기준을 제시 하는 것이며, 추가적으로 전문가 집단과 일반 대중 간의 안모 선호도 인식에 어떤 차이가 존재하는지 평가 하는 것이다. 이번 연구를 위해 채득한 20대 여성 사진 중에서 전문가에 의해 결정된 적절한 측면 안모 비율로 판단되는 1명의 측모 사진을 선정하였다. 선정된 사진은 비순각을 유지하며 진성 수직선에 수직한 평면상에서 Subnasale을 전, 후방으로 변화시켰다. 합성된 사진은 전문가 집단(교정의사 9명)과 일반 대중(126명)에게 제시되어 각각의 선호도를 VAS상에 표시하도록 하였다. 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1. Subnasale의 이상적인 위치는 Lateral canthus~Subnasale : Subnasale~Pronasale가 1.769 : 1을 이룰 때 이다. 2. 각도상 Nasion을 통과하는 진성 수직선과 Subnasale가 $5.5^{\circ}$를 이룰 때 이다. 3. 전문가 집단은 모든 비율 변화를 인지하였으나, 일반 대중은 1.571 : 1과 1.769 : 1 사이의 변화를 인지하지 못하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.108-117
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• 2018

샤오취안은 정체되어 있던 중국의 다큐멘터리적 초상사진의 새로운 극복으로 평가되고 있다. 획일화되어 있던 집단적 접근 방식을 벗어나 사진가의 독창성에 기반한 개별적 접근방식의 형태를 제시했다. 특히, 샤오취안은 <우리들 세대>를 통해 중국의 개혁개방 이후 1980-90년대 문화, 예술 발전에 큰 역할을 한 인물들이 살아온 시대에 대한 자신의 감정과 해석을 일정한 사진적 형식을 통해 표현하고자 했다. 샤오취안은 촬영 대상과의 소통을 기반으로 인물의 진정한 내면적 모습을 파악하고 이에 영향을 끼친 시대적 배경 및 사상을 구현했다. 그는 촬영 대상의 복장과 생활환경을 활용해 그 시대의 문화, 예술적 흐름을 반영하고자 했다. 구도적으로도 화면 구조의 변화를 활용해 촬영 대상과 배경의 상징적 결합을 시도했다. 또한 인물의 표정을 통해 표현되는 감정을 시각적으로 구현해 사회상을 표현했다. 본 연구는 중국 초상사진의 다큐멘터리적 표현방식을 제시할 뿐만 아니라 역사적 기록으로써의 초상사진의 가치를 제고하는 기회를 제공한다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional(2D) photography and 3-dimensional(3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods: Facial images of 50 volunteers(25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror^® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF^® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images(indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results: Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion: SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.