• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.569-576
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• 2000

The GST can extract the position of facial features without a prior information in an image. However, this method requires a plenty of the processing time because the mask size to process GST must be larger than the size of object such as eye, mouth and nose in an image. In addition, it has the complexity for the computation of middle line to decide facial features. In this paper, we proposed two methods to overcome these disadvantage of the conventional method. First, we used the reduced image having enough information instead of an original image to decrease the processing time. Second, we used the extracted peak positions instead of the complex statistical processing to get the middle lines. To analyze the performance of the proposed method, we tested 200 images including, the front, rotated, spectacled, and mustached facial images. In result, the proposed method shows 85% in the performance of feature extraction and can reduce the processing time over 53 times, compared with existing method.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to determine the electrical properties of the buccal area using facial surface electromyography (sEMG). Methods : This research was conducted on 44 healthy participants irrespective of their sex. Surface electrodes were attached to the midpoints of three imaginary lines connecting ST4 (Dicang) to ST6 (Jiache), ST4 to SI18 (Quanliao), and ST4 to the center point of SI18 and ST6. Then, the participants were trained in the movement that included a comprehensive action of buccal area. While the participants were performing the motion, sEMG values ($E_1$, $E_2$, $E_3$) and the distance change of the three imaginary lines ($D_1$, $D_2$, $D_3$) were measured. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.0. Results : Significant differences were observed in the distance changes ($D_1$>$D_3$, $D_2$>$D_3$) and sEMG values ($E_1$<$E_2$<$E_3$). Moreover, there were positive correlations between $D_1$ and $E_1$, $D_2$ and $E_2$. Conclusion : We suggest that the measurement at ST4 to the center point of ST6 and SI18 with this motion would be adequate to check the electrical characteristics of the buccal area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.382-387
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• 2021

Objectives: Zygomatic complex (ZMC) fractures comprise up to 40% of all facial fractures. Misaligned bone fragments and misplaced fixation hardware traditionally detected postoperatively on plain radiographs of the skull might require re-operation. The intraoperative O-Arm (Medtronic, USA) is a three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic imaging system. Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-center study evaluated the utility of O-Arm scanning during corrective surgeries for ZMC and zygomatic arch (ZA) fractures from 2018 to 2020. Three females and 16 males (mean age, 31.52 years; range, 22-48 years) were included. Fracture instability (n=6) and facial deformity (n=15) were the most frequent indications for intraoperative 3D O-Arm scan. Results: The images demonstrated that all fracture lines were properly reduced and fixed. Another scan performed at the end of the fixation or reduction stage, however, revealed suboptimal results in five of the 19 cases, and further reduction and fixation of the fracture lines were required. Conclusion: Implementation of an intraoperative O-Arm system in ZMC and ZA fracture surgeries assists in obtaining predictable and accurate results and obviates the need for revision surgeries. The device should be considered for precise operations such as ZMC fracture repairs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.337-342
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the lower third facial changes in frontal view after mandibular setback surgery. Materials and Methods : In this study, fifteen subjects(6 males and 9 females) with class III dental and skeletal malocclusions who were treated with BSSRO(Bilateral Sagittal Split Ramus Ostetomy) were used. Frontal cephalometric radiographs were taken preoperatively and more than 6 months postoperatively, and hard tissue(H2-Hl) and soft tissue changes (S2-S1) were measured on vertical and horizontal reference lines. In 15 cases, changes which developed more than 6 months after surgery were studied. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In the facial height, hard tissue $decreased(2.46{\pm}2.76mm)$ with statistical significance(P<0.01), and soft tissue also $decreased(1.64{\pm}3.66mm)$. As a result, the facial height generally becomes shorter after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. 2. In the mandibular width, hard tissue $decreased(2.08{\pm}3.59mm)$ with statistical sgnificance(P<0.05), but soft tissue $increased (2.14{\pm}5.73mm)$ without statistically significant difference(P>0.05) postoperatively. 3. In the facial index, hard tissue $decreased(0.23{\pm}2.21%)$, but soft tissue $increased(2.41{\pm}3.46%)$ with statistical significance. Conclusion : One of the main purpose of orthognathic surgery is to achieve facial esthetics and harmony. In order to fullfill this purpose, it is important to carry out a precise presurgical treatment planning by estimating the changes of frontal profile after surgery.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.153-157
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was performed to determine the proper reference line for taking axial computed tomograms from which the good cross-sectional views can be reformatted by multiplanar reconstruction. Methods : Three dry mandibles with implanted gutta percha cones in the extracted socket were scanned axially according to 6 reference lines of 2 mandibular positions with computed tomogram Hitachi W550. The accuracy of measurements of the lengths of implanted gutta perch a cones in the each cross-sectional view reformatted from axial computed tomogram by multiplanar reconstruction was evaluated. Results: The difference between the measurements and the real length of implant was smallest in the bucco-lingual views reformatted from the axial views scanned according to the reference line of group V-a. The smaller the angle difference between reference line and occlusal line was, the smaller the difference between the measurements in the bucco-lingual views reformatted from axial views and the real length of implant. The majority of measured widths of implants in the bucco-lingually reformatted views were larger than the actual values. Conclusions : When the mandible is inclined within the limitation of gantry angle and scanned with the reference line coincident with occlusal plane, the bucco-lingual view can be reformatted without deformation of images from the axially scanned images.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2002

The role of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent is expanding rapidly in otolaryngology. Botulinum toxin is a protease that blocks the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals. Its effects are transient and nondestructive, and largely limited to the area in which it is administered These effects are also graded according to the dose, allowing for individualized treatment of patients and disorders. Botulinum toxin has been used primarily to treat disorders of excessive or inappropriate muscle contraction. In the field of otolaryngology, these include spasmodic dysphonia, oromandibular dystonia, and blepharospasm, vocal tics and stuttering, cricopharyngeal achalasia, various tremors and tics, hemifacial spasm, temporomandibular joint disorders and a number of cosmetic applications. Botulinum toxin treatment has recently begun to show some benefit in the control of pain from migraine and tension headache. It may also prove useful in the control of autonomic dysfunction, as in Frey syndrome, sialorrhea, and rhinorrhea. In over 20 yews of use in humans, botulinum toxin has accumulated a considerable safety record, and in many cases represents relief for thousands of patients unaided by other therapy.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.392-400
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• 2011

Purpose: Cleft lip and palate is one of the most frequent hereditary deformities of the maxillofacial region which can arise in facial and jaw abnormalities as well as malocclusion and speech problems. In particular, unilateral cleft lip and palate is characterized by midface deformity resulting in maxillary anterior nasal septal deviation and nasal deformity. The aim of this study is to analyze the facial deformity of untreated unilateral cleft lip patients for contribution to primary cheiloplasty. Methods: Thirty-three patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate were impressioned before operation and facial casts were made. The casts were classified into complete cleft lip and incomplete cleft lip groups and each group were classified into affected side and normal side. Anthropometric reference points and lines were setted up and analysis between points and lines were made. Results and Conclusion: The obtained results were as follows: 1. The intercanthal width had no significant difference between the incomplete and complete cleft lip groups. 2. Cleft width and alar base width were greater in the complete group, and nasal tip protrusion was greater in the incomplete group. 3. Involved alar width and nostril width were greater in the complete group and in both complete and incomplete groups, involved alar width and nostril width were greater than the non-involved side. 4. The lateral deviation of the subnasale was greater in the complete group in both involved and non-involved sides. 5. The nasal laterale was placed inferiorly in both cleft groups. 6. The subnasale was deviated to the non-involved side in both cleft groups. 7. The nose tip was deviated to the non-involved side in both cleft groups and had greater lateral deviation in the complete cleft group. 8. The midpoint of cupid's bow had no vertical difference between complete and incomplete groups, but had a greater lateral deviation in the complete group. 9. In the complete cleft group, correlation between differences in cleft width and nostril width and columella height difference were obtained.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.369-373
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The objective was to evaluate canine positions, intercanine tip width (ICTW) and width of distal surface of canine (WDC), related to facial landmarks including interalar width (IAW), intercommissural width (ICoW), and distance between left and right projection lines drawn from inner canthus of eyes to alae of the nose (DPICa) in a group of Thai. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred Thai subjects aged 18-35 years were selected. IAW and ICoW were measured on subject's face using digital vernier caliper. Irreversible hydrocolloid impression of the upper arch was taken, and a cast was poured with dental stone. Silicone impression material was used to take imprint of the incisal edge of upper six anterior teeth. DPICa was obtained from the subject's face using custom-made measuring equipment and marked on the silicone incisal imprint. The marks were then transferred from the imprint to the stone cast and measured with digital caliper. The ICTW and WDC were also measured on the stone cast. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the correlation. RESULTS. The results revealed that the correlation between ICTW-ICoW was 0.429 and ICTW-DPICa was 0.573. The correlation between WDC-ICoW was 0.426 and WDC-DPICa was 0.547. However, IAW did not show any correlation with ICTW or WDC (P>.05). CONCLUSION. The correlation between canine position and facial landmarks was found. ICTW and WDC had relationship with ICoW and DPICa. DPICa showed stronger correlation with the position of maxillary canine than that of ICoW.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

The accuracy of a real facial recognition system can be varied according to the accuracy of the eye detection algorithm when we design and implement a semi-automatic facial recognition algorithm depending on the eye position of a database. In this paper, a fully automatic facial recognition algorithm is proposed such that Gabor and LBP features are extracted from fiducial points of a face graph which was created by using fiducial points based on the eyes, nose, mouth and border lines of a face, fitted on the face image. In this algorithm, the recognition performance could be increased because a face graph can be fitted on a face image automatically and fiducial points based LPB features are implemented with the basic Gabor features. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can be used in real-time recognition for more than 1,000 faces and produce good recognition performance for each data set.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2019

Background and Objectives High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can produce small zones of thermal damage. A HIFU procedure is non-invasive and it can achieve rejuvenation of facial skin. Fractional CO₂ laser resurfacing delivers thermal damage to the pixilated columnar zone of the skin and so evoke collagen remodeling, the same as HIFU. In many cases, the patients who want rejuvenation with HIFU are also good candidates for cutaneous photorejuvenation such as can be accomplished via fractional CO₂ resurfacing. If patients are treated in a single session by remodeling both the superficial and deep compartments of skin by using both modalities, then improvement in rhytides and tightening of sagging skin will optimize the aesthetic result. Materials and Methods Between May 2014 and January 2018, a total of 44 patients were treated with combination HIFU and fractional CO₂ laser resurfacing according to our protocol. First, the HIFU was applied to the entire face with an average of 300 treatment lines. Immediately after HIFU treatment, the ultrasound gel was washed off and then fractional CO₂ laser resurfacing was performed. We evaluated the patients using 4-point grading scales. The clinician examined the skin for evidence of complications after the completion of treatment. Results All the patients' skin quality showed improvement. Further. the clinical results after duel modality treatment were substantially better than that after the use of either modality alone. The recovery times and the incidence of adverse events when quickly and consecutively performing both treatments were similar as compared to those with employing stepwise treatment. We encountered no complications whatsoever. Conclusion When compared with stepwise therapy, combination therapy with HIFU and fractional CO₂ resurfacing offers better, safer and more effective clinical results. Thus, for targeting multiple layers of aging facial skin, this combination therapy can be safely performed in a single treatment session.