• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.407-413
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• 1997

The soft tissue injuries of Oral & Maxillofacial region include abrasion, contusion, simple laceration, laceration of skin with underlying tissue, soft tissue injuries combined with facial bone fracture and involving functional structures such as facial nerve and vessel, orbit, lacrimal duct and salivary gland and so on. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The age range was 1 to 97, and the highest incidence occured in the 3rd decade(23.4%), followed by the 1st decade(20.2%), 4th decade(18.1%), 4th decade(18.1), and 5th decade(14.3%) 2. The sexual ration was 4 : 1(M : F). 3. The most common cause of facial laceration was a accident(54.5), followed by blow(17.8%), traffic accident(15.9%) and unknown(10.8%). 4. The most frequently occurred site of injury was a forehead(24), followed by oral cavity(16.9%), lip(15%), eyebrow(14.5%), cheek(14%), chin(11.8%), nose(2%), scalp(1.4%) and neck(0.9%). 5. Most of wound size was less than 3cm in length. 6. 28 patients suffered facial bone fracture, representing 7%. 7. The major complications following facial laceration were infection and facial paralysis caused by facial nerve injuries, representing 4.5% and 1.9%.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.185-199
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• 1999

The purpose of the present study was to investigate craniofacial patterns in Korean male and female adults, and to compare morphologic differences between different facial types. In order to get configurational groupings, standardized lateral and P-A cephalograms of 174 Korean adults were measured and analyzed with seven angular, nineteen linear, four ratio, and two index measurements. Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis was employed to divide the sample into groups having similar craniofacial morphology, and thereafter, inductive statistics(t-test) was used to characterize morphologic differences of the divided groups. And also, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess correlation between the cranial dimensions and upper/lower anterior facial height(UAFH, LAFH) in each facial types for both male and female The results were as follows; 1. There existed sexual dimorphism in most of variables except SN-FH angle, palatal plane angle, facial axis angle, facial index, lower anterior facial height ratio and upper facial height ratio. 2. A brachycephalic headform ($0.84{\pm}0.05$) with leptoprosopic facial form ($0.92{\pm}0.05$) was appeared in male, and a mesocephalic headform ($0.86{\pm}0.06$) with leptoprosopic facial form ($0.92{\pm}0.04$) was exhibited in female. 3. Facial types in both male and female subjects were divided into two groups, Group A (mesoprosopic facial type) and Group B (leptoprosopic facial type). The morphologic differences between Group A and Group B were as follows: a. Cranial measurements including index, angular and linear measurements were not found to be different between Group A and Group B in both sexes. b. Increased UAFH, LAFH, and upper/lower anterior dental heights were exhibited in Group Bs of both male and female. c. In both male and female, ramus height and mandible length showed no difference between Group A and Group B. However, genial angle was found to be larger in Group B than Group A. Therefore, the morphologic differences between two groups in male and female were closely related to less favorable anatomic morphology of the mandible. 4. LAFH and UAFH showed no relationships with cranial dimensions in male and female.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was performed to develop objective methods for evaluating facial palsy sequelae using a 3D Facial Scanning System. Methods : Fifty-eight patients with facial palsy sequelae were selected. Their medical records were reviewed to collect demographic data, facial palsy sequelae evaluation, Facial Disability Index questionnaire, and test results (3D Facial Scanning System). Five different facial expressions (at rest, eye closure, eyebrow elevation, smiling, and whistling) were photographed. Sunnybrook Scale was associated with distances between predetermined facial points. Results : The average Sunnybrook composite score was $58.88{\pm}17.31$. Secondary movements (mouth to eye synkinesis, contracture of eye, and contracture of mouth) showed significant difference according to the Sunnybrook Scale. In voluntary movements, eyebrow height at eyebrow elevation, length between mouth angle and central line while whistling, and eyelid width at maximum eye opening showed significant difference. Facial palsy Sequelae Index (FSI) was correlated with Sunnybrook sub-scales (resting symmetry, voluntary movement, and synkinesis). Conclusion : These results demonstrate that a 3D Facial Scanning System is useful for evaluating facial palsy sequelae. This method may facilitate objective evaluation for facial palsy sequelae and it could be applied in clinical trials.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.131-170
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• 1991

This study was designed to analyze morphological characteristics of Korean young adults, norms and standard deviation of variables, sexual differences, correlationship between each area of face and correlationship between hard tissue and soft tissue. The primary sample consisted of 45 males and 57 females who were early and middle twenties and had acceptable profile, no history of previous orthodontic treatment, absence of remarkably large overjet and overbite, full complement of permanent teeth, Class I skeletal and dental relationships and good vertical facial proportions. Their cephalograms were analyzed morphologically with a computer morphometrics. Then the final sample - 25 males and 38 females - were selected within 1 S.D. of E-line, ANB, P/A facial height ratio, Interincisal angle, L1 to A-Pog, ODI and APDI. The results of the study were as follows: 1 In the form and proportion of facial skeleton there were no significant differences between males and females, but in the size males were larger than females. 2. The dental protrusion patterns had no significant sexual difference and no significant correlationship between protrusion of upper lip and inclination of upper incisor. But mentolabial angle had positively correlated with interincisal angle and negatively with inclination of upper and lower incisor. 3. In the relationship between nose and soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in nasal length, height and angular measurements. 4. In analysis of soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in the length and thickness. In the angular measurements and proportion of soft-tissue profile, there were no significant differences between males and females.

• 치과방사선
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to determine whether any difference existed in craniofacial morphology between parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate and parents of children without cleft lip and/or palate as well as the characteristics of craniofacial morphology in parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate. Thirty three measurements of the various regions of cranium and face were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiograms in parents of 28 children with cleft lip and palate, 18 children with cleft lip, and 22 children with cleft palate. There were 28 couples and 40 single parents in this sample. There were 92 individuals including 41 males and 51 females. The measurements were compared with those in control subjects, including 40 adult males and 40 adult females, who had no history of craniofacial abnormalities. The total sample was compared for the sex independently. The obtained results were as follows. 1. In the cranium, both parents of cleft children had significantly shorter posterior cranial base length(S-Ba). 2. In the upper face, a significantly shorter anteroposterior length of maxilla(A'-Ptm'), particularly in the anterior region (A'-K), anterior facial depth(A-SBaL), posterior facia! height(Ptm'-SNL) and relation of subnasale to the cranial base (∠BaN'Sn) were noted in fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers. 3. In the lower face, both parents of cleft children showed a significantly greater Y axis angle(∠NSGn) and ramal plane angle(∠SNL-RP) in fathers of cleft children. Thus both patents showed a posteriorly rotation of mandible. The thickness of the lower lip(B-B') was significantly thicker in fathers of cleft children. 4. In the facial profile, a significantly shorter posterior facial height(S-Go) and greater angle of soft tissue facial convexity (∠BaN'Pog') were noted in the fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to inquire about the effects of individual tray design and impression method on the border extension and contour of denture. 10 students at the dentistry college who have normal occlusion and symmetric facial form and normal facial muscle activity were selected. The tray was designed three types (large, medium, small tray). After border molding was done by dentist and operator, final impression was taken. The length of impression body and width of border were measured by a vernier caliper on the cast. The obtained results were as follows : 1. As the tray border was shortened, the length of impression body and width of border was short (P<0.01). 2. When the impression was taken with the small tray, the length of impression body was short in passive border molding than active border molding. 3. When the medium tray was used, the width of impression body was short in passive border molding than active border molding.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.350-364
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• 2014

Objectives This study was aimed to find the significant features of face form according to the Taeeumin and Soyangin by analyzing the three-dimensional face information data. Also, making standard face of the Taeeumin and Soyangin was an object of this study. Methods We collected three-dimensional face data of patients aged between 20~45 years old diagnosed by a specialist of Sasang constitutional medicine. The data were collected using a 3D scanner, Morpheus 3D(Morpheus Corporation, KOREA). Extracting a face feature point total of 64, was set to 332 pieces(height, angle, ratio, etc.) of each variable between feature points. ANOVA test were used to compare the characteristics of subjects according to the Taeeumin and Soyangin. Results When not to consider gender, the Taeeumin and Soyangin were different from the 18 items(3 items in the ear, 9 items in the eye, 1 item in the nose, 1 item in the mouth, 4 items in the jaw). When to consider gender, the Taeeumin and Soyangin men were different from the 6 items(1 item in the ear, 2 items in the nose, 3 items in the face). And the Taeeumin and Soyangin women were different from 17 items(1 item in the ear, 10 items in the eye, 2 items in the nose, 1 item in the mouth, 3 items in the face). Conclusions These results show Taeeumin's face(both men and women) width of the right and left is larger than the length of the top and bottom. Compared to men of Soyangin, men of Taeeumin has greater wings of the nose. Compared to women of Soyangin, women of Taeeumin has longer length of the eye. Soyangin's face(both men and women) length of the top and bottom is larger than the width of the right and left. Compared to men of Taeeumin, men of Soyangin has smaller wings of the nose. Compared to women of Taeeumin, women of Soyangin has more stereoscopic facial features at the top and bottom of the lateral face. Also, by accumulating three-dimensional face data, this study modeled the standard facial features by Taeeumin and Soyangin. These results may be helpful in the development of Sasang constitutional diagnostics utilizing the characteristics of the facial form at later.

• 치과방사선
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.193-201
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variation in the length and shape of styloid processes and the relationships between the elongated styloid processes and the styloid process syndrome, using panoramic radiogrpahs and questionaires. The subjects were 342 patients consisted of 170 males and 172 females aged from 11 to 78 years, not showing facial asymmetry, who visited infirmary of dental college of Yonsei University. Also, the accuracy was determined for measuring the length of styloid processes from panoramic radiographs, using dried skulls. The results were as follows: 1. The length of styloid processes was magnified approximately 1.1 times, but there was no statistically significant differencies in the magnification rate of length between right and left side. 2. The mean radiographic length of styloid processes was 29.72±7.92㎜ in males, 27.93±6.69㎜ in females, and 28.82±7.37㎜ in total. And elongated styloid process (>30㎜) was seen in 31.3% of total subjects. 3. The growth in the length of styloid processes was completed in the third decade. 4. The most common shape of styloid processes was straight followed by segmented and bent form. The incidence of segmentation was reduced with increasing age. 5. The 74% of subjects with elongated styloid process (>30㎜) showed symptoms of the styloid process syndrome. The most frequent symptom was headache followed by discomfort in the neck when turning the head from left to right, tinnitus or earache, vague facial pain, discomfort or pain when swallowing, feeling that an object is caught in throat.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.414-420
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• 1996

방사선 사진상에서의 계측치 자체가 이차원적인 면만을 나타낼수밖에 없어 실제 삼차원적인 구조물인 두개안면부위의 특징을 정확히 묘사하기는 어려움이 있다. 이에 따라 한 평면과 다른 평면을 연계시켜 보다 3차원적인 측면의 많은 연구가 시행되어져 왔으며, 이들 두 평면간의 상호연관성에도 관심이 모아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 부정교합과 밀접한 영향을 가질뿐 아니라, 성장의 변화를 예측할수 있게하고 치료방법,예후 결정등에 중요한 영향을 미치는 안모유형지수와 이하두정 방사선 사진상에서의 여러 계측치간의 상호연관성을 평가하여 보았다. 골격성 ClassI의 양호한 안모를 가진 성인을 대상으로 측모두부방사선사진 이하 두정 방사선계측사진을 촬영하여 이들간의 상관관계를 알아보아 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 과두의 평균경사도에 영향을 주는 요소를 알아보기 위해 FACE,INT-CO-ANG, MN-CORPUS, CON-RATIO, GON-RATIO, MN-RATIO, MX-RATIO를 변수로하여 다중회귀분석 결과, 아래의 회귀 방정식을 얻었다. CON-AVE는 .173(FACE) -0.322 (INT-CO-ANG) +36.34 (GON-RATIO)+0.420(MN-CORPUS)로 나타났다($R^2=.85451$) 2. 안모유형지수에 대해선 아래의 희귀방정식을 얻었다. FACE=.050(CON-ANG)+.023(INT-CO-ANG)-.075(MN-CORPUS) ( 2. 안모유형지수에 대해선 아래의 희귀방정식을 얻었다. FACE=.050(CON-ANG)+.023(INT-CO-ANG)-.075(MN-CORPUS) ($R^2=.31547$) 3. 이하두정 방사선사진상의 계측치들중 MN-CORPUS, CON-RATIO, GON-RATIO, MN-RATIO, MX-RATIO는 서로 밀접한 상관관계를 보였다.(P<0.05) 4. 하악과두의 평균경사도는 우측에선 $23.67^{\circ}$, 좌측에선 $20.71^{\circ}$로 나타났고, 좌,우측값에서 차이를 보이고 있다. FACE : 안모 유형지수. CON-ANG : 하악과두경사도의 평균값. CON-AVE : 좌,우 하악파두경사도의 평균값. INT-CO-ANG : 좌,우 하악과두장축이 이루는 각도. MN-CORPUS : 좌,우Gonion에서 Pog.까지 이은 선에 의해 형성되는 각도. CON-RATIO: intercondylar distance/mandibular body length. GON-RATIO: intergonion distance/mandibular body length. MN-RATIO : intermylohyoid distance/mandibular body length. MX-RATIO: intermaxillary tuberosity distance/ANS-PNS distance.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.88-94
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• 1990

Because of it's accessibility and the quantity of bone available, the ilium is a common donor site for autogenous cancellous, cortical, and corticocancellous grafts to the facial skeleton. Especially, the anterior iliac crest has been the traditional source of pelvic bone for autogenous bone grafting in the maxillofacial skeleton. Recently the need for large amounts of bone in some reconstructive procedures of the facial skeleton has led to the evaluation of posterior ilium. The posterior approach to the ilium is superior to the anterior approach when large quantities of cancellous bone are required for facial reconstruction. The posterior approach has the advantages of more available bone, fewer complications, less postoperative pain, less disturbance in ambulation, and a possible reduction in the length of hospitalization. As the posterior approach affords an almost unlimited amount of bone for autogenous grafting in the maxillofacial region, we feel its use is indicated when very large amounts of bone are required.