• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.135-147
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• 2003

With the development of multimedia and optical technologies, application systems with facial features hare been increased the interests of researchers, recently. The previous research efforts in face processing mainly use the frontal images in order to recognize human face visually and to extract the facial expression. However, applications, such as image database systems which support queries based on the facial direction and image arrangement systems which place facial images automatically on digital albums, deal with the directional characteristics of a face. In this paper, we propose a method to detect facial directions by using facial features. In the proposed method, the facial trapezoid is defined by detecting points for eyes and a lower lip. Then, the facial direction formula, which calculates the right and left facial direction, is defined by the statistical data about the ratio of the right and left area in facial trapezoids. The proposed method can give an accurate estimate of horizontal rotation of a face within an error tolerance of $\pm1.31$ degree and takes an average execution time of 3.16 sec.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2013

Objjectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between surface electromyography(SEMG) and assessment scales for facial palsy. Methods : The subjects for this study were 21 patients who had peripheral facial nerve palsy. We analyzed about the correlation between the results of SEMG and facial nerve assessment scales that were carried out at the same time. The assessment scales used in this study were House-Brackmann scale, Yanagihara grading system, Sunnybrook facial grading system. Results : There are considerable correlation between the results of SEMG and the results of three kinds of assessment scales for facial nerve palsy. Conclusions : SEMG may be an objective examination for facial nerve palsy. Some research aimed at development of SEMG examination guideline for facial nerve palsy will be needed after this. And we expect that many researches for development of diagnostic equipments or treatment equipments that utilize SEMG will proceed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 2005

The proper management of the pediatric facial bone fracture is critical in the facial bone development. This study characterizes the surgically treated patient population suffering from facial bone fractures by the use of current data from a large series consisting of 201 cases. The data was gathered through a retrospective chart review of patients surgically treated for facial bone fractures at the department of plastic and reconstructive surgery, Sanggye Paik hospital, Inje university medical center, collected over 10-years period from January, 1993 to December, 2002. Data regarding patient demographics(age, sex), seasonal distribution, location of fractures, and the causes of injury with admission periods, were collected. In total, there were 201cases of pediatric facial bone fractures. Male patients outnumbered female patients by a 5.48: 1 ratio and were found to engage in a wider range of behaviors that resulted in facial bone fractures. Physical violence was the leading cause of pediatric facial bone fractures(27.9%), followed by sports-related mechanisms (22.9%) and falling down(17.9%). The most prevalent age group was 11-15 years-old(71.1%) and there was a 14.3% prevalence in March. Among the location of fractures, the nasal bone was the most prevalent, accounting for 82.3% of injuries, followed by the orbit(9.95%), and the mandible fractures(7.5%). Most patients(59.7%) were treated within 6-9 days after trauma and the mean hospitalization period was 8-11 days. We should follow up the surgically treated patients, and they will be further evaluated about postoperative sequele and effect on the facial bone development. These studies demonstrate differences in the demographics and clinical presentation that, if applied to patients, will enable a more accurate diagnosis and proper management.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.137-147
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• 2023

Pharyngeal pouches are an important epithelial structure controlling facial skeletal development in vertebrates. A series of pouches arise sequentially in the pharyngeal endoderm through collective cell migration followed by rearrangement of pouch-forming cells. While crucial transcription factors and signaling molecules have been identified in pouch formation, a role for Neuropilins (Nrps) in pouch development has not yet been analyzed in any vertebrates. Nrps are cell surface receptors essential for angiogenesis and axon guidance. In all vertebrates, the two Nrp family members, Nrp1 and Nrp2, are conserved in the genome, with two paralogs for Nrp1 (Nrp1a and Nrp1b) and Nrp2 (Nrp2a and Nrp2b) being identified in zebrafish. Here, I report a potential requirement of Nrp signaling in pouch development in zebrafish. nrp1a and nrp2b were expressed in the developing pouches, with sema3d, a ligand for Nrps, being expressed in the pouches. Knocking down Nrps signaling in the pharyngeal endoderm led to severe defects in pouches and facial cartilages. In addition, blocking Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities, a downstream effector of Nrp signaling, in the pharyngeal endoderm caused similar defects in pouches and facial skeleton to those by knocking down Nrps signaling. My results suggest that Nrp signaling acts for pouch formation through MAPK.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2024

Background: Facial nerve palsy presents a significant healthcare challenge, impacting daily life and social interactions. This systematic review investigates the potential utility of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for facial nerve palsy. Methods: Electronic searches will be conducted across various databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials), CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), KMBASE (Korean Medical Database), ScienceON, and OASIS (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System), up to February 2024. The primary outcome will focus on ultrasonography-related parameters, such as facial nerve diameter and muscle thickness. Secondary outcomes will encompass clinical measurements, including facial nerve grading scales and electrodiagnostic studies. the risk of bias in individual study will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool, while the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations methodology will be utilized to evaluate the overall quality of evidence. Conclusion: This study aims to review existing evidence and evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of ultrasonography for peripheral facial nerve palsy.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제17A권6호
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• pp.281-288
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 3차원 얼굴 스캔 데이터와 사진 이미지를 이용하여 고화질의 3차원 얼굴 모델과 모핑 애니메이션을 생성하는 시스템 개발에 대해 기술한다. 본 시스템은 얼굴 특징점 입력 도구, 얼굴 텍스처매핑 인터페이스, 3차원 얼굴 모핑 인터페이스로 구성되어 있다. 얼굴 특징점 입력 도구는 3차원 텍스처매핑과 모핑 애니메이션을 위한 보조 도구로서 얼굴의 특징점을 입력하여 텍스처매핑과 임의의 두 얼굴간의 모핑 영역을 정할 때 사용된다. 텍스처매핑은 3D 스캐너로부터 획득한 얼굴의 기하 데이터에 세 방향의 사진 이미지를 이용하여 매핑한다. 3D 얼굴모핑은 얼굴 특징점 입력 도구로부터 얻은 특징점을 중심으로 얼굴 영역을 분류하여 임의의 두 얼굴 간의 영역간 매핑을 실현한다. 본 시스템은 사용자가 별도의 프로그래밍 작업 없이 대화형 인터페이스에서 3D 스캐너에서 획득한 얼굴 메쉬 데이터를 이용하여 사진 이미지로 텍스처 매핑을 실행하여 사실적인 3D 얼굴 모델을 얻을 수 있고, 임의의 서로 다른 얼굴 모델들간의 모핑 애니메이션을 쉽게 실현할 수가 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

얼굴모델링과 애니메이션에 대한 기술은 컴퓨터 그래픽스 분야에서 오랫 동안 연구되어 오고 있는 분야 중 하나이다. 얼굴모델링 기술은 가상현실, MPEG-4 등의 연구목적과 영화, 광고, 게임 등의 산업 분야에서 많이 활용되고 있다. 따라서 좀 더 사실적인 인터페이스의 구현을 위하여 컴퓨터 의인화를 통해 인간과 상호작용 할 수 있는 3D 얼굴모델 개발은 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 임의의 정면 얼굴 이미지를 이용하여 간편한 조작으로 3D 얼굴모델을 생성하는 시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템은 한국인 표준 얼굴모델을 이용하여 메쉬상의 조정점을 얼굴 부위와 윤곽에 맞게 정합한 다음 유동적이고 탄력적으로 조정하여 3D 얼굴모델을 생성하며, 그 결과인 3D 얼굴모델을 이동, 확대, 축소, 회전시켜 가며 실시간으로 확인 및 수정할 수 있다. 개발한 시스템의 유용성을 검증하기 위해 $630{\times}630$의 크기를 가지는 30개의 임의의 정면 얼굴이미지를 가지고 실험했다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2020

The Avengers film produced by Marvel Comics shows visual effects that were impossible to produce in the past. Companies that produce film special effects were initially equipped with large personnel and equipment, but technology is gradually evolving to be feasible for smaller companies that do not have high-priced equipment and a large workforce. The development of hardware and software is becoming increasingly available to the general public as well as to experts. Equipment and software which were difficult for individuals to purchase before quickly popularized high-performance computers as the game industry developed. The development of the cloud has been the driving force behind software costs. As augmented reality (AR) performance of mobile devices improves, advanced technologies such as motion tracking and face recognition technology are no longer implemented by expensive equipment. Under these circumstances, after implementing mobile-based facial capture technology in animation projects, we have identified the pros and the cons and suggest better solutions to improve the problem.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.434-437
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• 2004

Neural crest cells have embriologically important role for the development and growth in oral and maxillofacial region. If the early hereditary defect occurs or environmental factors affect these cells diminutive mesenchymal cells are disabled to make neural plate and decreased proliferation of mesenchymal cells result in hypoplastic development of neural crest. As a result, this brings about severe facial malformations such as various located facial clefts and/or loss or duplication of facial structure. These are two cases of accessory maxilla and zygomatic deformity with and without facial cleft.

• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2013

Objectives The objective and universal grading system for the facial nerve palsy is needed to the objectification of treatment in Oriental medicine. In this study, the facial nerve palsy grading was developed with combination of image processing technique and Nottingham scale. Methods The developed system is composed of measurement part, image processing part, facial nerve palsy evaluation part, and display part. With the video data recorded by webcam at measurement part, the positions of marker were measured at image processing part. In evaluation part, Nottingham scales were calculated in four different facial expressions with measured marker position. The video of facial movement, time history of marker position, and Nottingham scale were displayed in display part. Results & Conclusion The developed system was applied to a normal subject and a abnormal subject with facial nerve palsy. The left-right difference of Nottingham scores was large in the abnormal compared with the normal. In normal case, the change of the length between supraorbital point and infraorbital point was larger than that of the length between lateral canthus and angle of mouth. The abnormal case showed an opposite result. The developed system showed the possibilities of the objective and universal grading system for the facial nerve palsy.