• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.396-410
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the distribution and the degree of the asymmetry existed in normal persons and asymmetric patients, and to investigate the changes of asymmetric patients after orthognathic surgery. The analysis was performed with the posteroanterior cephalometric radiography of 60 normal persons and 31 facial asymmetric patients. The results were as follows : 1. The degree of normal asymmetry existed in normal persons was not significant except MF and Me measurements. 2. The degree of normal asymmetry according to sex difference was not significant except cranial base area. 3. When normal persons were compared to asymmetric patients, there were more measurements which presented significant asymmetry on mandible than on maxilla. 4. When postoperative state was compared to preoperative state, the degree of asymmetry were usually decreased except AGO and GA measurements, especially the Cd, MF, Me, and Cd-Me measurements decreased significantly. 5. When postoperative state was compared to normal persons, 4 measurements of mandible approached significantly the measurements of normal persons.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.76-90
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to classify women's face types and to analyze the measurement of face types. For study, 180 adult women(aged between 20 and 29) in Pusan and Ulsan area was sampled to be measured for facial types. Data were analyzed by Frequencies, Means, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Distinction analysis. The major results were as followed. Women's face types were classified by 6 types and there were round shape(29.4%), oblong shape(18.9%), inverted triangle shape(16.1%), square shape(13.9%), egg shape(11.7%), diamond shape(10.0%) in the subject. Phyiognomic facial height was 182.38mm, the upper face length was 59.82mm, the middle face length 60.82mm, the lower face length 61.76mm, and the index of face length to face breadth was 1.35. The face width was 134.90mm, interocular distance 34.75mm, the nose width 33.93mm, and mouth width was 43.87mm. And also, differences from those measurements like forehead breadth, face length/bizygion breadth, forehead slopper, bigonion breadth, bignathion breadth, bignathion slopper.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.95-108
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• 1989

This study intended to calculate the cephalometric norms of Korean adult and to compare those with norms of the North American Caucasian by Moyers. Cephalometric headplates of 41 males and 31 females ranged in age from eighteen to twenty-six with normal occlusion and pleasing face were employed for this investigation. The tracings of the standard lateral cephalograms were analyzed by Moyers' method. As a result of this study, the following conclusion can be made. 1. Norms of Korean adult male and female were calculated. 2. There was no significant sexual difference in the basic craniofacial morphology. 3. The size of craniofacial skeleton was larger in male than in female. 4. The Korean male showed lower value of mandibular plane angle to craial base than that of the Caucasian male. 5. There was no significant difference in the anterior total facial height, however, in the posterior facial height the Korean male was larger than the Caucasian male, which manifested that the Korean male held more square-shaped profile. 6. The anteroposterior length of anterior and posterior cranial base, maxillary and mandibular skeletal and dentoalveolar effective length of the Korean male were shorter than those of the Caucasian male, and this suggested that the craniofacial profile depth of the Korean male was shorter than that of the Caucasian male.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2002

본 논문은 얼굴 요소 중 눈썹을 검출하기 위한 기법으로, 눈썹은 얼굴 인식이나 표정 인식, 얼굴 애니메이션에 중요한 역할을 하는 요소이다. 색상 영역 분할을 통해 얼굴 영역을 검출한 다음, 형판 정합(template matching)을 통해 눈을 검출한다. 눈썹은 눈 바로 위에 위치하므로 검출된 눈의 위치 값을 이용하여 눈썹 후보 영역을 설정한다. 이렇게 설정된 눈썹 후보 영역에서 휘도(luminance) 성분의 히스토그램을 구한 다음, 이 히스토그램을 이용하여 thresholding 기법으로 눈썹을 검출한다. 일반적으로 이런 히스토그램은 하나의 bin을 갖는 peak나 valley가 무수히 많아 threshold 간을 결정하는데 어려움이 있다. 이런 어려움을 극복하고 좀더 쉽게 threshold 값을 찾기 위해 이런 peak나 valley를 제거해 히스토그램을 변형한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 얼굴 영역 검출부, 얼굴 요소 검출부, 그리고 FCP 추출부 등의 세 부분으로 구성되어있다.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2007년도 학술대회 1부
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• pp.1057-1062
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• 2007

얼굴표정 인식은 심리학 연구, 얼굴 애니메이션 합성, 로봇공학, HCI(Human Computer Interaction) 등 다양한 분야에서 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 얼굴표정은 사람의 감정 표현, 관심의 정도와 같은 사회적 상호작용에 있어서 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 얼굴표정 인식은 크게 정지영상을 이용한 방법과 동영상을 이용한 방법으로 나눌 수 있다. 정지영상을 이용할 경우에는 처리량이 적어 속도가 빠르다는 장점이 있지만 얼굴의 변화가 클 경우 매칭, 정합에 의한 인식이 어렵다는 단점이 있다. 동영상을 이용한 얼굴표정 인식 방법은 신경망, Optical Flow, HMM(Hidden Markov Models) 등의 방법을 이용하여 사용자의 표정 변화를 연속적으로 처리할 수 있어 실시간으로 컴퓨터와의 상호작용에 유용하다. 그러나 정지영상에 비해 처리량이 많고 학습이나 데이터베이스 구축을 위한 많은 데이터가 필요하다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 실시간 얼굴표정 인식 시스템은 얼굴영역 검출, 얼굴 특징 검출, 얼굴표정 분류, 아바타 제어의 네 가지 과정으로 구성된다. 웹캠을 통하여 입력된 얼굴영상에 대하여 정확한 얼굴영역을 검출하기 위하여 히스토그램 평활화와 참조 화이트(Reference White) 기법을 적용, HT 컬러모델과 PCA(Principle Component Analysis) 변환을 이용하여 얼굴영역을 검출한다. 검출된 얼굴영역에서 얼굴의 기하학적 정보를 이용하여 얼굴의 특징요소의 후보영역을 결정하고 각 특징점들에 대한 템플릿 매칭과 에지를 검출하여 얼굴표정 인식에 필요한 특징을 추출한다. 각각의 검출된 특징점들에 대하여 Optical Flow알고리즘을 적용한 움직임 정보로부터 특징 벡터를 획득한다. 이렇게 획득한 특징 벡터를 SVM(Support Vector Machine)을 이용하여 얼굴표정을 분류하였으며 추출된 얼굴의 특징에 의하여 인식된 얼굴표정을 아바타로 표현하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to obtain the guides of establishing vertical dimension by analyzing the facial and oral landmarks of Korean adults. The following conclusions were obtained from this study. 1. The ratio of bizygomatic width to dental arch width was 3.26 : 1 in male and 3.21 : 1 in female, and the ratio of vertical dimension to dental arch length was 2.49 : 1 in male and 2.39 : 1 in female. 2. It was obtained by analysis of multiple regression that the corelative formula, vertical dimension$=23.37+0.24{\times}bizygomatic$ $width+0.29{\times}dental$ arch length. 3. There was no statistically significant difference between the results of vertical dimension acquired by means of Hayakawa's prediction($68.04{\pm}3.16mm$ in male, $64.38{\pm}3.00mm$ in female) and that of vertical dimension by this study.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.177-191
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• 1982

The study was performed to establish the cephalometric standards of Hellman dental age III B, IV A, IV C groups of the age of puberty and to aid for the case analysis and diagnosis of malocclusion. A roentgenocephalometric study was made from 365 subjects, that consist of 162 males, 203 females with normal occlusion, acceptable profile and no history of orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment. The results of this study were obtained as follows: 1. The tables of standards from the measurements by age, sex group were made. 2. All linear measurements of skeletal pattern in male were greater than in females. 3. The Bjork's sum was reduced gradually by aging in group I $396^{\circ}$, group II $395^{\circ}$, and group III $393^{\circ}$. 4. Posterior facial height to anterior facial height was 63% in group I, 64% group II, and 67% in group III. 5. The angulation of SNA and SNB were $81^{\circ}$ & $78^{\circ}$ in group I, $81^{\circ}$ & $78^{\circ}$ in group II, and $82^{\circ}$ & $79^{\circ}$ in group III.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.800-806
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the make-up behavior influenced by make-up preference images, and the order of importance in the make-up behaviors. The questionnaires were given to female residents in the ages between $20\sim45$ in Seoul and Kyung-gi province during October 2004. 322 questionnaires were used for data analysis. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS 10.0 software with various techniques such as ANOVA test, Duncan test and Paired t-test. The make-up behaviors were divided into three main categories: facial make-up behavior, color make-up behavior, and additional make-up behavior. The results showed that the skin care behavior was considered the most important among other make-up behaviors. Generally facial make-up was thought to be most important and color make-up, and additional make-up were followed orderly. The results of the make-up behavior differences by make-up preference image. The natural make-up preference image group considered all the make-up behavior less important than other make-up preference image groups. The modern make-up preference image group considered additional make-up behavior more important.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.2056-2069
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• 2014

In order to implement interactive and personalized Web services properly, it is necessary to understand the tangible and intangible responses of the users and to recognize their emotional states. Recently, some studies have attempted to build emotional state estimation models based on facial expressions. Most of these studies have applied multiple regression analysis (MRA), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector regression (SVR) as the prediction algorithm, but the prediction accuracies have been relatively low. In order to improve the prediction performance of the emotion prediction model, we propose a novel SVR model that is optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). Our proposed algorithm-GASVR-is designed to optimize the kernel parameters and the feature subsets of SVRs in order to predict the levels of two aspects-valence and arousal-of the emotions of the users. In order to validate the usefulness of GASVR, we collected a real-world data set of facial responses and emotional states via a survey. We applied GASVR and other algorithms including MRA, ANN, and conventional SVR to the data set. Finally, we found that GASVR outperformed all of the comparative algorithms in the prediction of the valence and arousal levels.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2007

Purpose : To examine whether the maxillofacial skeletal morphology correlates with the condylar position and the anatomic characteristics of articular eminence using measurements of lateral cephalometric radiographs and individualized sagittal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tomographs. Materials and Methods : I compared measurements of 202 TMJs of 101 orthodontic patients of Kangnung National University Dental Hospital. 1 used Pearson's correlation for comparison of the measuring values in lateral cephalometric radiographs and individualized sagittal TMJ tomographs. Results : Large occlusal plane angle tendency showed decreased width of posterior eminence slope, decreased depth of articular fossa and decreased posterior slope angle of eminence. Large mandibular plane angle tendency showed decreased superior joint space, decreased depth of articular fossa and decreased posterior slope angle of eminence. Large genial angle tendency showed decreased depth of articular fossa, decreased posterior slope angle of eminence and anterior position of condylar head. Large anterior facial height and large posterior facial height tendency showed increased width of posterior slope of eminence, increased depth of articular fossa, increased posterior slope angle of eminence and posterior position of condylar head. Conclusion : Maxillofacial skeletal morphology has correlation with the anatomic characteristics of TMJ. Individualized sagittal TMJ tomographs can provide useful information for anatomical analysis of TMJ.