• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare asymmetric mandibular prognathism individuals with symmetric mandibular prognathism individuals using a new alternate spherical coordinate system. Materials and Methods : This study consisted of 47 computed tomographic images of patients with mandibular prognathism. The patients were classified into symmetric and asymmetric groups. Mandibular and ramal lines were analyzed using an alternate spherical coordinate system. The length as well as midsagittal and coronal inclination angle of the lines was obtained. The bilateral differences of the spherical coordinates of the facial lines were statistically analyzed in the groups. Results : There were significant differences between the groups in bilateral difference of the length and midsagittal inclination angle of the lines (p<0.05). The bilateral difference of the length and midsagittal inclination angle of the lines has significant correlation with chin deviation (p<0.05). Conclusion : The new alternate spherical coordinate system was able to effectively evaluate facial lines. The bilateral difference of lengths and midsagittal inclination of the facial lines might contribute to the facial asymmetry in mandibular prognathism individuals.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.138-148
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• 2015

Objectives This study was conducted in order to analyze the distribution of Sasang constitution, herbmed, exterior-interior disease and concomitant symptoms of 36 facial nerve paralysis patients. Methods A clinical study was done on 36 patients, treated as facial nerve paralysis. Sasang constitution specialist diagnosed their constitution and gave prescription. Degree of improvement was evaluated by assessment scale or change of patient's complaint. Results 1) Distribution of sasang constituion : Taeeumin 21 patients, Soyangin 8 patients, Soeumin 7 patients. 2) Distribution of exterior-interior disease : Taeeumin and Soeumin were diagnosed as interior disease more than exterior disease, Soyangin was reverse. 3) Hyeongbangdojeok-san and Hyeongbangjihwang-tang (Soyangin), Galgeunhaegi-tang(Taeeumin) and Gwakhyangjeonggi-san(Soeumin) were used the most in each sasang constitution. 4) Seventeen patients had concomitant symptoms : digestive disorder, sleep disorder, tinnitus, hypertension, diplopia, itching, gout, neck-shoulder pain, constipation and dizziness. Conclusions Patients had different Sasang constitution and in the same Sasang constitution, they had different symptomatology.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2019

Objectives : To maintain a healthy skin condition, the role of moisture in the stratum corneum is important. We use soap in our daily life, so we wanted to observe the changes of the skin moisture using herbal CP soap. Four kinds of herbal CP soaps were prepared and their effects on skin moisture were compared. Methods: We surveyed 39 students at A University to determine their subjective skin condition, lifestyle and washing habits. Then, a facial analysis test was performed. We made herbal CP soaps using Kyungohkgo, Hwangryunhaedoktang, Seosiokyongsan and Baeksoooh and distributed them to experiment participants. Prior to the experiment, their skin condition was checked and skin condition was assessed using Facial Diagnosis System three times in total. After the experiment, the change of skin was measured and analyzed. Results: As a result of examining the skin moisture according to the using of the herbal CP soap by the participants, the skin moisture was gradually increased compared with before use. The moisture content increased after 6 weeks of use compared to before using Seosiokyongsan, Hwangryunhaedoktang, Kyungohkgo CP soap compared to before use. But there was no significant difference between 3 weeks and 6 weeks of use compared to before use. As a result of using Baeksoo-oh CP soap, the skin moisture of the experimental participants was continuously increased. Conclusion: Natural CP soaps are believed to have a beneficial effect in increasing the moisture content of facial skin.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.402-419
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• 2023

Objective: This study assessed the differences in soft tissue deviations of the nose, lips, and chin between different mandibular asymmetry types in Class III patients. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography data from 90 Class III patients with moderate-to-severe facial asymmetry were investigated. The sample was divided into three groups based on the extent of mandibular rolling, yawing, and translation. Soft tissue landmarks on the nose, lips, and chin were investigated vertically, transversely, and anteroposteriorly. A paired t test was performed to compare variables between the deviated (Dv) and nondeviated (NDv) sides, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test was performed for intergroup comparisons. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationship between the soft and hard tissue deviations. Results: The roll-dominant group showed significantly greater differences in the vertical positions of the soft tissue landmarks between the Dv and NDv than other groups (P < 0.05), whereas the yaw-dominant group exhibited larger differences in the transverse and anteroposterior directions (P < 0.05). Moreover, transverse lip cant was correlated with the menton (Me) deviation and mandibular rolling in the roll-dominant group (P < 0.001); the angulation of the nasal bridge or philtrum was correlated with the Me deviation and mandibular yawing in the yaw-dominant group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The three-dimensional deviations of facial soft tissue differed based on the mandibular asymmetry types in Class III patients with similar amounts of Me deviation. A precise understanding of soft tissue deviation in each asymmetry type would help achieve satisfactory facial esthetics.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2022

이 후향적 연구의 목적은 7 - 15세 사이의 혼합치열기와 영구치열기의 소아 및 청소년 환자에서 기존 교정 분석 방법과 인공 지능을 활용한 교정 분석 방법을 이용한 변수의 차이를 비교하여 평가하는 것이다. 교정 진단을 위해 측면 두부계측 방사선 사진을 촬영한 소아 환자 60명(혼합 치열기 30명, 영구치열기 30명)을 무작위로 선정하였다. V-ceph을 사용한 기존 분석 방법과 WebCeph를 사용한 딥 러닝 기반 분석 방법으로 1명의 검사자가 17개의 두부 측정 계측점을 식별하고, 22개의 측정 항목을 평가했다. 기존 분석 방법의 반복 측정으로 인한 오차는 Pearson의 상관 분석을 사용하여 평가하었다. 혼합치열군과 영구치열군에 대한 각각 두 방법의 차이는 paired t-test를 사용하여 평가하였다. 혼합치열군에서 두 분석 방법의 차이는 8개의 계측항목에서 통계적으로 유의하였다: APDI, SNA, SNB, Mandibular plane angle, LAFH (p < 0.001), Facial ratio (p = 0.001), U1 to SN (p = 0.012), and U1 to A-Pg (p = 0.021). 영구치열군에서는 두 분석 방법 간에 4개의 계측항목이 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다: ODI (p = 0.020), Wits appraisal (p = 0.025), Facial ratio (p = 0.026), and U1 to A-Pg (p = 0.001). 많은 시간이 소요되는 기존의 교정 분석 방법과 비교하였을 때, 딥 러닝 기반 교정 분석 시스템은 측정의 신뢰성과 유효성 측면에서 임상적으로 허용될 수 있다. 하지만 소아 환자의 교정 분석을 위해 딥 러닝 기반 프로그램을 사용할 때에는 이러한 프로그램의 한계점을 인지하고 올바른 판단으로 사용하는 것이 중요하다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권37호
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• pp.221-245
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• 2014

1995년 세계 최초의 극장용 3D 컴퓨터 애니메이션 영화 "토이 스토리"의 흥행성공은 3D 컴퓨터 애니메이션의 산업적 발전에 큰 도약을 할 수 있는 계기를 만들었다. 이에 영향을 받아 TV용 3D 애니메이션 작품들이 다양하게 제작되었으며 게임 분야에서도 고화질의 3D 컴퓨터 애니메이션 게임들이 보편화되었다. 이와 같이 산업적 수요가 확대됨에 따라 막대한 제작 시간 및 비용 절감을 위한 기술적 발달이 활발하게 진행되어왔다. 이에 따라 전통적인 그림 애니메이션 제작 방식에 비하여 3D 컴퓨터 애니메이션의 제작 효율성은 비교를 할 수 없을 정도로 발전되어왔다. 본 논문에서는 3D 컴퓨터 애니메이션 제작의 효율성 제고를 위하여 얼굴 표정 애니메이션 마커리스(Markless 이하: 마커리스) 모션캡처 시스템들을 실험 및 비교분석하였다. 이미지 메트릭스(Image Metrics)사 제품인 페이스웨어(Faceware) 시스템은 모션캡처 인식 및 적용 과정의 복잡성은 있지만 정교함 측면에서 장점이 있으며, 페이스쉬프트(Faceshift)사 제품인 페이스쉬프트(Faceshift) 시스템은 실시간 모션 인식 및 적용의 신속성이 장점인 반면 정교함이 상대적으로 떨어진다는 결과를 도출하였다. 본 논문의 비교 분석 결과가 애니메이션 제작을 제작 할 때, 제작 시간 및 비용, 결과물의 정교함 정도 및 활용 매체에 따라 가장 효율적인 얼굴 표정 애니메이션 제작을 위한 모션캡처 및 키 프레임 애니메이션 제작 방식의 선택에 기초 자료가 되기를 기대한다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2008

Purpose: For facial reconstruction, skin color match is crucial to achieve great aesthetic result. Forehead flap and full thickness skin graft have been used for many years to reconstruct facial defect. Their results are aesthetically valuable with remarkable resemblance and harmony of the skin color between donor and recipient sites. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the aesthetic outcome of the two methods as the analysis of skin color match. Methods: From January 1995 to December 2005, ten forehead flaps and ten full thickness skin grafts were performed. The reconstructed areas of forehead flaps were five noses and five eyelids. Recipient sites of full thickness skin grafts were seven eyelids, two noses and one forehead. In order to obtain the objective validity, the skin color of flap(or graft) and the recipient sites were measured by chromameter. The skin colors were quantified according to a three-dimensional coordinate system used in chromameter, L*(brightness), a*(redness), and b*(yellowness).Results: There was no significant color difference between forehead flap site and adjacent skin in all color values. On the other hand, the L* and b* values of graft sites were significantly lower than those of the adjacent skins. The a* values of graft sites were higher than those of the adjacent skins. Conclusion: This study reveals that skin color match of forehead flap is greater than that of full thickness skin graft. As forehead flap has adequate volume and great color match, it can be useful to reconstruct deep facial defect such as nasal defect. On the other hand, full thickness skin graft can be used for superficial defect like partial eyelid defect.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.172-184
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• 1999

The present study was performed to identify morphologic sub-groupings in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, and to find out anatomic differences between the sub-groups. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 152 Korean children, aged between 6 and 12 years, with Class I malocclusions were analyzed by the Counterpart Analysis. A statistical method, Ward's Minimum Variance Cluster Analysis, was employed to divide the sample into sub-groups those with similar morphologic characteristics. The results were as follows; 1. There appeared two facial types, Type I and Type II, in Korean children with Class I malocclusions, 48.7% and 51.3%, respectively. 2. In both sub-groups, there existed strong Class III skeletal patterns due to a counterclockwise rotation of the Middle Cranial Fossa alignment, and strong Class II skeletal patterns due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension and a clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment. 3. There were no significant differences in Upper Anterior Facial Height between Type I and Type II, $52.6{\pm}2.92mm\;and\;52.8{\pm}3.23mm$, respectively. 4. The Lower Anterior Facial Height in Type II was longer ($66.0{\pm}4.03mm$) due to the long Posterior Maxillary vertical dimension, the clockwise rotation of the Ramus alignment, and a clockwise rotation of the Mandibular plane alignment than that of Type I ($64.2{\pm}4.15mm$).

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to define the Korean norm values for the Ricketts analysis. Methods: In this longitudinal study, lateral cephalograms of 31 subjects with normal occlusion were taken biennially from ages 9-19 years. Cephalometric measurements were performed. Parameters for which the 10-year change did not exceed one standard deviation were defined as unchanged. The means and standard deviations for the measured parameters were determined for each age group. Results: No significant changes in growth were observed in the molar relationship, incisor overjet, incisor overbite, mandibular incisor extrusion, interincisor angle, lower incisor tip (B1) to A point-Pogonion (A-PO) plane, upper incisor tip (A1) to A-PO plane, B1 inclination to A-PO, A1 inclination to A-PO, B1 inclination to Frankfurt plane (FH), convexity, lower facial height, facial axis, maxillary depth, maxillary height, palatal plane to FH, cranial deflection, ramus Xi position, or porion location. Continual changes over the 10 years of growth were observed in the maxillary first molar distal position to pterygoid true vertical plane, facial depth, mandibular plane to FH, anterior cranial length, mandibular arc, and corpus length. Conclusions: Clinicians can apply the Korean norms at age 9 as determined in this study when using the Ricketts analysis. The patient's age at the beginning of treatment and their sex should be taken into consideration when drawing visual treatment objectives.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.194-207
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• 2011

1. Objectives: This study is about a development of Sasang constitutional classification algorithm using facial information. 2. Methods: We analysed the datum of middle aged (20~48) women collected by multi-center researchers in 2007. And this study analysed the data of the measurement of the face by 3D-AFRA (3-Dimensional Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus) and the items of impression by SDQ. We used multiple comparison, exploratory discriminant analysis and clinical decision to select optimal 3D facial variables which will be input in discriminant analysis model. And we used univariate F values and stepwise discriminant function analysis to choose best impression variables. 3. Results and Conclusions: In this study, derived discriminant function's explanation power was 39% in female group. Diagnostic accuracy rate was 66.0% in female group. And in test sample, Sasang constitutional diagnostic accuracy rate was 56.9%. In this process we could help improve the objectification of Sasang constitution diagnosis.