• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.606-611
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• 2012

Background Facial fractures are infrequent in children and adolescents and have different clinical features from those in adults. The low incidence in children and adolescents reflects the flexibility and underdevelopment of their facial skeletons, as well as their more protected environments. Only a few reports have reviewed such patients in Korea. The authors performed a retrospective study to analyze the characteristics of facial fractures in the Korean pediatric population. Methods We conducted a retrospective review on a series of 741 patients, aged <18 years, with facial fractures who had been treated at our hospital between 2006 and 2010. The following parameters were evaluated: age, sex, cause, location and type of fractures, associated injuries, treatment and complications. Results A total of 741 consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria. The ratio of boys to girls was 5.7:1. Facial fractures most commonly occurred in patients between 13 and 15 years of age (36.3%). The most common causes of injury was violence. The nasal fracture was the most common type of fracture (69%) and the blowout fracture was the second most common (20%). Associated injuries occurred in 156 patients (21%). Conclusions The incidence of pediatric facial fractures caused by violence is high in Korea. Our results show that as age increases, etiological factors and fracture patterns gradually shift towards those found in adults. This study provides an overview of facial fractures in these age groups that helps illustrate the trends and characteristics of the fractures and may be helpful in further evaluation and management.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.497-501
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• 2008

3D facial scanner for an accurate analysis is measured precisely a distance in straight, a distance in curved line, an angle in 3D data, the area of surface. We can easy acquire 3D data by the method of 0.8sec in each scan with easy handling, simple merge to whole face, harmless and fast process. In the HyungSang medicine, the inspection of the facial shape includes the Dam(gall bladder) - Bang Kwang(urinary bladder) body, the Jung${\cdot}$Gi${\cdot}$Shin${\cdot}$Hyul, the six merdian types etc. And we will collect the evidence based date verifing in the HyungSang clinical medicine. As we will analyze the facial whole form and the size${\cdot}$length${\cdot}$angle of the facial part, put the facial form's standardization on a solid foundation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.584-588
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• 2008

Facial asymmetry is particularly associated with mandible among other facial bones and it could be either congenital or acquired. Congenital factors are related to Treacher Collin syndrome, Pierre Robin syndrome, hemifacial microsomia and other various syndromes. Acquired factors are such as damaged or diseased growing condyles, hormonal disorder, oral mal-habit, muscular force, tumor, infection and so on. Diagnosis and treatment of facial asymmetry are complicated due to differences in sizes and positions of mandibles. The aspects of facial asymmetry is various and complicated upon each individual. Depending on causes of the facial asymmetry, there also are morphological differences. For such reasons, precise anatomical analysis and diagnosis of the facial asymmetry are essential before any surgical procedure followed by the appropriate treatment plan. This case is regarding a 21-year old patient diagnosed as the facial asymmetry due to an infantile maxillofacial surgery. Employing various morphological evaluations, potential problems during the procedure are predicted beforehand. This case reports a favorable result of sagittal split ramus osteotomy performing the oblique vertical bone cutting in posterior-superior of the mandibular second molar.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.60-68
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose an automatic facial expressions recognition system to analyze facial expressions (happiness, disgust, surprise and neutral) using tree structures based on heuristic rules. The facial region is first obtained using skin-color model and connected-component analysis (CCs). Thereafter the origins of user's eyes are localized using neural network (NN)-based texture classifier, then the facial features using some heuristics are localized. After detection of facial features, the facial expression recognition are performed using decision tree. To assess the validity of the proposed system, we tested the proposed system using 180 facial image in the MMI, JAFFE, VAK DB. The results show that our system have the accuracy of 93%.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2013

In this paper, we address the challenging computer vision problem of obtaining a reliable facial expression analysis from a naturally interacting person. We propose a system that combines a 3D generic face model, 3D head tracking, and 2D tracker to track facial landmarks and recognize expressions. First, we extract facial landmarks from a neutral frontal face, and then we deform a 3D generic face to fit the input face. Next, we use our real-time 3D head tracking module to track a person's head in 3D and predict facial landmark positions in 2D using the projection from the updated 3D face model. Finally, we use tracked 2D landmarks to update the 3D landmarks. This integrated tracking loop enables efficient tracking of the non-rigid parts of a face in the presence of large 3D head motion. We conducted experiments for facial expression recognition using both framebased and sequence-based approaches. Our method provides a 75.9% recognition rate in 8 subjects with 7 key expressions. Our approach provides a considerable step forward toward new applications including human-computer interactions, behavioral science, robotics, and game applications.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose an emotion recognition method using the facial images and speech signals. Six basic emotions including happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear and dislike are investigated. Facia] expression recognition is performed by using the multi-resolution analysis based on the discrete wavelet. Here, we obtain the feature vectors through the ICA(Independent Component Analysis). On the other hand, the emotion recognition from the speech signal method has a structure of performing the recognition algorithm independently for each wavelet subband and the final recognition is obtained from the multi-decision making scheme. After merging the facial and speech emotion recognition results, we obtained better performance than previous ones.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.39-59
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• 2018

To elucidate the effect of working memory (WM) load on negative facial emotion processing, we examined ERP components (P1 and N170) elicited by fearful and neutral expressions each of which was presented during 0-back (low-WM load) or 2-back (high-WM load) tasks. During N-back tasks, visual objects were presented one by one as targets and each of facial expressions was presented as a passively observed stimulus during intervals between targets. Behavioral results showed more accurate and fast responses at low-WM load condition compared to high-WM load condition. Analysis of mean amplitudes of P1 on the occipital region showed significant WM load effect (high-WM load > low-WM load) but showed nonsignificant facial emotion effect. Analysis of mean amplitudes of N170 on the posterior occipito-temporal region showed significant overall facial emotion effect (fearful > neutral), but, in detail, significant facial emotion effect was observed only at low-WM load condition on the left hemisphere, but was observed at high-WM load condition as well as low-WM load condition on the right hemisphere. To summarize, facial emotion effect observed by N170 amplitudes was modulated by WM load only on the left hemisphere. These results show that early emotional processing of negative facial expression could be eliminated or reduced by high load of WM on the left hemisphere, but could not be eliminated by high load on the right hemisphere, and suggest right hemispheric lateralization of negative facial emotion processing.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.211-222
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to identify the effects of Laughter therapy on recovery status from facial paralysis, pain, and stress in Bell's palsy patients. Methods: This research was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized pre-posttest quasi-experimental research design. Data were collected from August 8, to October 15, 2013 at D university Oriental Medical Center in B city. Participants were 60 patients with Bell's palsy who were assigned to one of two groups: an experimental group of 30 patients and a control group of 30 patients. t-test, $x^2-test$, Fisher's exact test and Welth-Aspin test were used to test the homogeneity between the two groups and t-test, Welth-Aspin test and ANCOVA were used to test the research hypotheses. SPSS program was used for statistical analysis. Results: There were significant increases in recovery status from facial paralysis and decreases in stress after Laughter therapy in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results indicate that Laughter therapy is effective in facilitating recovery status from facial paralysis and decreasing stress. Therefore, Laughter therapy can be used as an effective nursing intervention for patients with facial paralysis and to relieve stress in these patients.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.105-115
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends of phamacopuncture used in facial nerve palsy related articles that have been published in the Korean medicine journal. Methods : 242 papers related to facial nerve palsy were retrieved from Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System(OASIS) and Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal(KTKP). We selected 13 research papers treated with pharmacopuncture for facial nerve palsy. We analyzed for type of pharmacopuncture used, treatment point and clinical type. Results : 1. The number of searched articles is thirteen. 2. The most common clinical type of facial nerve palsy is Bell's palsy. Other types are accompanying tympanitis type, herpes zoster oticus, caused by traumatic temporal bone fracture type, Foville syndrome, Foville-Millard-Gubler syndrome and multiple cerebral neuritis. 3. In the case of pharmacopuncture, the most frequently used type is Hominis Placenta Pharmacopunture. The second is Hwangreonhaedok-tang and Hwangreon Pharmacopuncture. Other than that BV, Sinbaro, Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture, Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum Pharmacopuncture and Ginseng pharmacopuncture are used. 4. The most frequently used part as a treatment point is ST4, ST6, TE17.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.109-121
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to analysis the effect of oriental medical care for inpatients with facial paralysis that had visited Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. Methods : From January 2008 to September 2010, a clinical study was done on 250 inpatients who were treated as facial nerve paralysis at the Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. This study was assessed using the chart analysis. Results : 1. The distribution of sex : female 54.8%, male 45.2%. The distribution of age was pregented that fifty to sixty was the most in 67 cases(26.8%). 2. The distribution of the period of admission : female 12.5 days, male 9.9 days. 3. The distribution of past history : hypertention(18.8%), diabetes-mellitus(10.85%), facial paralysis(9.25%), cerebrovascular disease(4.4%), liver disease(5.6%), hyperlipidemia(1.2%), otitis media(1.2%), herpes zoster(1.2%), cardiac disease(2.45%), thyroid disease(1.2%). 4. The distribution of the region of facial paralysis : Rt(55.36%), Lt(56.52%). 5. Check the mastoid pain : 66.8%(female 73.91%, male 58.04%). 6. Out of prescription(Ko-Bang, 古方), Galgeun-Tang(葛根湯) and Gaejigeogaegayoungchul-Tang was used most in each 34 cases, Daesiho-Tang(大柴胡湯) 30 cases, Galgeungabanha-Tang(葛根加半夏湯) 27 cases, Sihogaeji-Tang(柴胡桂枝湯) 14 cases, Hwanggigaejiomul-Tang 12 cases, Odu-Tang(烏頭湯) 10 cases, Chijadaehwangsi-Tang 10 cases, Gaejigagalgeun-Tang(桂枝加葛根湯) 7 cases, Banhasasim-Tang(半夏瀉心湯) 5 cases, Injinho-Tang(茵蔯蒿湯) 5 cases in order. 7. The distribution of herb group : Mahwang-Jae(麻黃劑) 31.72%, Gaeji-Jae(桂枝劑) 26.00%, Siho-Gae(柴胡劑) 20.70%, Chija-Gae(梔子劑) 7.49%, Buja-Jae(附子劑) 4.41%, Banhahwanggeum-Gae(半夏黃芩劑) 3.08%, Daehwang-Gae(大黃劑) 2.64%, Bockryeong-Gae(茯笭劑) 1.76%, Jisil-Gae(枳實劑) 1.32%, Insam-Gae(人蔘劑) 0.88% in order. 8. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of admission : Gr Ⅳ 74.85%, Gr.III 13.6%, Gr.V 11.6% in order. 9. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of discharge : Gr.III 56%, Gr.IV 38.4%, Gr.II 5.6% in order. 10. The average number of OPD follow up is 6.46. Conclusion : This results indicated that oriental medical treatment with Ko-bang(古方) can be an effective way to treat facial paralysis. The more patients we treat with Ko-bang(古方), the more clinical report is accumulated. Then it would be helpful to map out a systematic treatment on facial paralysis.