• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.292-298
• /
• 1994

The common disorder called facet syndrome exhibits lower back pain, with or without, radiating pain to buttock and thigh due to facet joint arthropathy. Many physicians have believed that the usual lesion of facet syndrome was an anatomical impairments of facet joint itself. So facet joint block has been known only as a therapeutic and diagnostic modality of facet syndrome. Based on clinical experience and anatomical study, we have concluded varying opinions from common sense about facet syndrome. Pain in the facet joint is supposedly the secondary effect of narrowing of joint space by sustained muscle contracture around joints. We therefore conclude that spasmolytic treatment of muscles connecting the two vertebral articular space would be better for treatment and diagnosis of facet syndrome rather than facet block with local anesthetic and steroid only.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.93-97
• /
• 2009

Anatomy: Facet joint syndrome most often affects the lower back and neck and refers to pain that occurs in the facet joints, which are the connections between the vertebrae in the spine that enable the spine to bend and twist. Many physicians have believed that the usual lesion of facet syndrome was an anatomical impairments of facet joint itself.. Facet joint injection using local anesthetics is a reliable method for the diagnosis and treatment for facet syndrome. Etiology: One of many possible causes is imbalances that can occur in stress levels, hormone levels, and nutritional levels. These imbalances can adversely affect posture, which can lead to neck and back pain. The common disorder called facet syndrome exhibits lower back pain, with or without, radiating pain to buttock and thigh due to facet joint arthropathy. Pain in the facet joint is supposedly the secondary effect of narrowing of joint space by sustained muscle contracture around joints. Syndrome: Facet joint syndrome tends to produce pain or tenderness in the lower back that increases with twisting or arching the body, as well as pain that moves to the buttocks or the back of the thighs. Other symptoms include stiffness or difficulty standing up straight or getting out of a chair. Pain can be felt in other areas such as the shoulders or mid-back area. Treatment: Non-drug treatments include hot packs, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and therapeutic exercises. Stimulating blood flow using massage or a hot tub may also help. Alternative treatments include yoga and relaxation therapy. If your pain persists after trying these treatments, a surgical procedure called radiofrequency rhizotomy, which destroys the sensory nerves of the joint, may bring relief. Facet joint injection has been helpful in diagnosis and therapy for this facet syndrome. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of medial branches is known to be an effective method of relieving pain caused by facet joint problems. We conclude that spasmolytic treatment of muscles connecting the two vertebral articular space would be better for treatment and diagnosis of facet syndrome rather than facet block with local anesthetic and steroid only.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.147-170
• /
• 2001

본 연구는 열거식 체계가 조합식으로 변화될 수 있는 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 DDC 음악류의 패싯구조를 분석하여 패싯기호 0은 표준구분과 음악의 일반원리, 패싯기호 1은 일반원리와 음악형식을 의미하는 기호로 사용한다. 그러나 기호의 의미가 이중으로 사용되는 경우도 있고 기호 안에서 구분 능력이 부족한 것을 볼 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 2024

One of the most common sources of spinal pain syndromes is the facet joints. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar facet joint pain syndromes comprise 55%, 42%, and 31% of chronic spinal pain syndromes, respectively. Common facet joint disorders are degenerative disorders, such as osteoarthritis, hypertrophied superior articular process, and facet joint cysts; septic arthritis; systemic and metabolic disorders, such as ankylosing spondylitis or gout; and traumatic dislocations. The facet pain syndrome from osteoarthritis is suspected from a patient's history (referred pain pattern) and physical examination (tenderness). Other facet joint disorders may cause radicular pain if mass effect from a facet joint cyst, hypertrophied superior articular process, or tumors compress the dorsal root ganglion. However, a high degree of morphological change does not always provoke pain. The superiority of innervating nerve block or direct joint injection for diagnosis and treatment is still a controversy. Treatment includes facet joint injection in facet joint osteoarthritis or whiplash injury provoking referred pain or decompression in mass effect in cases of hypertrophied superior articular process or facet joint cyst eliciting radicular pain. In addition, septic arthritis is treated using a proper antibiotic, based on infected tissue or blood culture. This review describes the diagnosis and treatment of common facet joint disorders.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2014

Background: This study tests the hypothesis that of bipolar radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the thoracic facet joint capsule may provide a safe and effect method of pain control from thoracic facet origin. Methods: Among patients suffering from localized mid back pain, nine patients with thoracic facet disease confirmed by magnetic resonance image and diagnostic thoracic facet block were enrolled. Bipolar radiofrequency ablation in the inferior aspect of the thoracic facet joint was done. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was measured pre-intervention and 1 month post-intervention. Any complications and changes in amount of pain medication were recorded. Results: Significant 47.6% reduction in VAS was noted at 1 month. There were no serious complications. Conclusions: Intra-articular bipolar radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the thoracic facet joint may be a technically easier and valid method of treating mid back pain of thoracic facet origin.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.218-224
• /
• 2001

Background: Response to diagnostic blocks does not consistently predict the outcome of interventional facet denervation. We investigated the relationship between pain relief by the percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints with the result of facet joint diagnostic local anesthetic injection in patients with back pain originating from the lumbar zygapophysial joint. Methods: There were 35 patients enrolled, with ranging in age from 25 to 76 years ($52.6{\pm}12.7$ years, mean ${\pm}$ SD). We studied 7 men (20%) and 28 women (80%). All patients underwent double diagnostic block of $L_{3/4}$, $L_{4/5}$ and $L_5-S_1$ facet joint with 0.5% bupivacaine. The 35 patients fell into the following group. (1) Group A (n = 16): those who felt clear relief (pain free with Likert scale) from the double diagnostic block (2) Group B (n = 19): 11 patients who were always equivocal in their response to the double diagnostic block and 8 patients who were either pain free or equivocal in their response to the double diagnostic block. All 11 patients were done the facet joint denervation. The effect on the pain was evaluated with 4 point Likert scale 1, 6 and 12 weeks after the procedure. We evaluated the relationship between the pain response to diagnostic block and the pain relief with facet joint denervation. Results: Significant correlation was observed between the response to diagnostic block and pain relief with facet denervation (P < 0.05). We found no correlation between the categories of spinal operation and pain response to facet denervation (P value > 0.05). Conclusions: A satisfactory result of lumbar facet joint denervation can be obtained in many patients, especillay in patients whose pain were relieved by the diagnostic double facet joint block. It may be said that facet joint denervation for mechanical low back pain using radiofrequency thermocoagulation is a safe, easy, and repeatable technique.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 2018

Background: An epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a commonly administered procedure in pain clinics. An unintentional lumbar facet joint injection during interlaminar ESI was reported in a previous study, but there has not been much research on the characteristics of an unintentional lumbar facet joint injection. This study illustrated the imaging features of an unintentional lumbar facet joint injection during an interlaminar ESI and analyzed characteristics of patients who underwent this injection. Methods: From December 2015 to May 2017, we performed 662 lumbar ESIs and we identified 24 cases (21 patients) that underwent a lumbar facet joint injection. We gathered data contrast pattern, needle approach levels and directions, injected facet joint levels and directions, presence of lumbar spine disease as seen on magnetic resonance images (MRI), and histories of lumbar spine surgeries. Results: The contrast pattern in the facet joint has a sigmoid or ovoid contrast pattern confined to the vicinity of the facet joint. The incidence of unintentional lumbar facet joint injection was 3.6%. The mean age was 68.47 years. Among these 21 patients, 14 (66.7%) were injected in the facet joint ipsilaterally to the needle approach. Among the 20 patients who received MRI, all (100%) had central stenosis and 15 patients (75%) had severe stenosis. Conclusions: When the operator performs an interlaminar ESI on patients with central spinal stenosis, the contrast pattern on the fluoroscopy during interlaminar ESI should be carefully examined to distinguish between the epidural space and facet joint.

• 한국진공학회지
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.199-205
• /
• 1996

InGaAs 박막의 facet 성장을 연구하기 위하여 triethygallium(TEGa), trimethylindium (TMIn)과 사전 열분해하지 않은 monoethylarsine (MEAs)을 사용하여 chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) 법으로 InGaAs 박막을 선택적으로 성장시켰다. 성장 온도와 패턴의 방향에 따라 facet 형성이 매우 다르게 나타났다. 마스크를 [11] 방향으로 제작한 기판에서는 facet의 면이 (311), (377)과 (11)의 여러 면이 형성되었으나 성장 온도가 올라감에 따라 (311)한 면으로 발전하였다. 또한 마스크를 [011]방향으로 하였을 때는, 성장 온도가 증가함에 따라 facet은 (11)h가 (111)면에서 (111)면으로 변하였다. 이러한 결과들은 측면에서 원료가스의 표면 이동 거리가 성장 온도에 따라서 변화하는 차이에 기인하는 것으로 믿어진다. U자 형태를 가지는 (100)의 윗면은 간단한 dangling bond 모형으로 설명할수 있었다.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.53-96
• /
• 1999

This study intends to : 1) confirm the possibility to transform the enumerated scheme into the faceted scheme, 2) review general theories on facet structure employed in DDC of the enumerated scheme, 3) analyze the facet structure of life science and literature in DDC, and 4) comparison of the facet structure of life science and literature in DDC and CC. This study suggests following conclusions. 1) CC follows throughly the classification principles by Ranganathan, but all classification theories are not property applied to DDC yet. 2) Because DDC does not have any formula to classify the compound subject, but has to follow the compounding methods presented in each subject, its facet structure is too complicated. 3) DDC has transformed the entire system into the facet structure through its revision. Expecially the life science transformed into the facet structure employed the facet indicators and applies them to all the systems in life science. But the notations have sometimes twofold meanings, and no ability to differentiate the meanings in the same notation,. When DDC follows the classification method by facet, the number of items for classification so limited that it is difficult to array the subdivision and that length of notation becomes longer and longer.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.183-191
• /
• 2005

Objectives : The 5th lumbar - 1st sacrum facet joint is unstable area from an anatomical viewpoint, so that it is clinically major causes of low back pain. The purpose of this study is to assess the difference of the Van Akkerveeken measurement and intervertebral disc angle, Ferguson angle betwoon the 5th lumbar - 1st sacrum facet syndrome patients and sample group patients.Methods : Van Akkerveeken measurement, intervertebral disc angle and Ferguson angle were measured in 30 patients who had 5th lumbar - 1st sacrum facet syndrome and 31 sample group patients.Results :1. Van Akkerveeken measurement of 5th lumbar - 1st sacrum facet syndrome patients is statistically larger that of than sample group patients.2. Intervertebral disc angle of the 5th lumbar - 1st sacrum facet syndrome patients is statistically larger that of than sample group patients.3. Ferguson angle is the 5th lumbar - 1st sacrum facet syndrome patients is statistically larger than that of sample group patients.Conclusions : These results suggest that Van Akkerveeken measurement and intervertebral disc angle is able to be used for diagnosis of facet syndrome.