• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.498-502
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• 2015

Yukmijihwang-tang (YM) is a well-known prescription to treat kidney inflammation on Korea. However, the effects of YM on maximal exercise performance (MEP) is not-well investigated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of YM on MEP using forced swimming test (FST) model. Mice were largely divided into three group; a non-swimming group, saline treated-swimming load test group, and YM treated-swimming load group. Swimming load test groups were re-divided into swimming control group (Control), YM fed group (YM). YM was administrated orally for 2 weeks before FST. After FST, immobility time, oxygen consumption was measured by physiological test, and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. FST induced MEP identified by increased immobility, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors. Immobility time was significantly reduced by YM treatment compared with control group. Oxygen consumption was also significantly reduced by YM treatment. The increase on lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase after FST was inhibited by YM　treatment. In addition, consumption of energy source (free fatty acid, and triglyceride) and recovery of energy was enhanced by YM treatment after FST. In conclusion, YM inhibited the elevation of immobility time, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors after FST. YM could be used as a beneficial agents to enhance maximal endurance exercise performance and an effective ergogenic aid in exercise training.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the sedative-hypnotic activity of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched fermented marine organisms (FMO), including sea tangle (FST) and oyster (FO) by Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 (L. brevis BJ20). FST and FO were tested for their binding activity of the $GABA_A$-benzodiazepine and 5-$HT_{2C}$ receptors, which are well-known molecular targets for sleep aids. We also measured the sleep latency and sleep duration during pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice after oral administration of FST and FO. In $GABA_A$ and 5-$HT_{2C}$ receptor binding assays, FST displayed an effective concentration-dependent binding affinity to $GABA_A$ receptor, similar to the binding affinity to 5-$HT_{2C}$ receptor. FO exhibited higher affinity to 5-$HT_{2C}$ receptor, compared with the $GABA_A$ receptor. The oral administration of FST and FO produced a dose-dependent decrease in sleep latency and increase in sleep duration in pentobarbital-induced hypnosis. The data demonstrate that FST and FO possess sedativehypnotic activity possibly by modulating $GABA_A$ and 5-$HT_{2C}$ receptors. We propose that FST and FO might be effective agents for treatment of insomnia.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.639-644
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• 2012

본 실험은 형광분광법을 이용하여 분말화된 대두의 산패도를 유지의 추출과정 없이 직접 측정하는 방법을 확립하기 위해 실시하였다. FST와, TBA test, 산가 측정법을 이용하여 $25^{\circ}C$와 $90^{\circ}C$에서 20일 동안 저장하면서 산패도에 따라 값을 비교하였다. $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장 기간 중의 산패도는 변화가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 모든 측정치들은 초기값에 비해 20일 후의 값이 크게 차이 없이 일정한 것을 알 수 있었다. 반면 $90^{\circ}C$에서는 FST의 경우 8일에서 11일 사이에 FI값이 크게 증가하는 경향을 보인 후 일정하게 값이 증가하는 경향을 볼 수 있었는데 TBA test에서는 0일에서 꾸준하게 증가하던 값이 다시 감소하는 것을 보였으며 이는 oleic acid와 linoleic acid의 함량이 높은 대두의 특징이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서 실험한 시료의 경우 산가는 FST와 같은 경향을 보여주었다. 본 연구의 중요한 결과는 FST를 이용하여 대두의 산패를 분말상에서 직접 측정하는 법을 확립한 것이며 이는 일반적으로 사용되는 TBA test와 산가를 이용한 직접측정법에 비해 측정시간이 빠르며 추출과정에 의한 오차를 최소화 할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2023

Recently, as a health problem of the elderly in an aging society, the risk of nutritional imbalance and weakening of immunity due to deterioration of masticatory function has been mentioned. In order to solve this problem, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppression in mice induced by fermented samultang (FST) porridge on the markers related to immune activity function. ICR Mouse was divided into 6 groups of 7 animals each. Experimental groups were set as normal control group, CPA-administration group, positive control group, and FST-administration experimental group (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%). In groups except for the normal control group, 100 µL of CPA dissolved in 0.9% NaCl at a concentration of 150 mg/kg was injected twice at the start of the experiment and after 3 days to induce immunosuppression. As a result of analyzing the cell proliferation capacity of splenocytes, all B and T cells decreased in the CPA-administered group and increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the FST-administered group. In addition, IgA measured to evaluate the effect of improving immunity showed high values in medium and high concentration FST (P<0.05). These results can be expected as an effective solution to improve the nutritional imbalance of the elderly.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.6739-6745
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• 2014

은행속에 속하는 산청목은 중국과 한국 북동부지역에 널리 분포하는 자생 식물로 전통적으로 항염증제로 사용되었으며 현재까지 항우울에 대한 효능과 그에 대한 면역변화에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구실에서는 100, 200, 그리고 400 mg/kg 농도의 산청목추출물을 실험쥐에게 경구투여를 실행하였으며 강제수영실험을 통하여 항우울효과를 평가 그리고 혈 중 코티솔, ACTH, 그리고 사이토카인의 농도를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 실험쥐에 경구투여한 산청목 투입량이 증가함에 따라 강제수영실험에서의 행동불능시간이 감소하였으며 수중공포에 의해 분비유도된 사이토카인 농도 또한 감소함을 볼 수 있었다. 특히 코티솔, IL-6 과 $IL-1{\beta}$농도가 산청목 투입군에서 유의하게 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 산청목 경구투여군에서의 부동시간의 감소와 전염증성 사이토카인의 저하를 종합하여 볼 때 산청목의 항염증 효능으로 인한 작용에 의하여 강제수영 실험에서 항우울효과가 발현했다고 간주된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.206-212
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• 2018

Depression is a type of mood disorder characterized by hypochondriasis, decreased appetite, and insomnia. Depression is a disease that affects more than 100 million people worldwide. 2-Nonadecanone (NAC) is a bioactive substance that constitutes Fomes fomentarius, and NAC is expected to have an antidepressant effect. By using the forced swimming test (FST), we investigated the effects of treatment with NAC on immobility subacutely in rats after oral dosing once a day for 2 days. Serum levels of cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nuclear factor-2 (Nrf-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) were analyzed by western blot method. NAC dose-dependently decreased immobility in the FST. NAC dosedependently decreased FST-induced increase of cytokine levels, as manifested by significantly stronger effects on $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels at higher doses than the lowest dose of NAC. Western blot analysis showed that Nrf-2 was significantly lower in the NAC-treated group than in the disease-induced group. The iNOS results were also significantly lower in the NAC-treated group than in the other groups. Considering FST results, the antidepressant effect of NAC is effective. Considering the results of cytokine and protein expression, this anti-depressant effect may be related to the anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, it can be said that the anti-inflammatory effect of NAC increases the antidepressant effect in the FST experiment.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.387-393
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• 2008

Ds 삽입변이체로 부터 5,400개의 FST를 분석한 결과, intragenic FST가 48.1%로 2,597개, intergenic FST가 25.6%로 1,383개였으며 hot spot을 포함한 origin insertional sequence는 1,350개로 25%로 나타났다. Intragenic FST로서 선발된 2,597개를 이용하여 Ds와의 유전자형을 분석한 결과 53.6%인 1,393개가 heterozygous 혹은 homozygous 계통으로 나타났으며 이들에 대한 염색체상의 분포도는 3번 염색체에서 422 계통으로 가장 많은 분포도를 보여주었고 다른 염색체는 56 계통에서 157 계통 범위 내에 포함되었다. 1차적으로 유전자형 분석이 끝난 1,393개의 유전자들 중에서 expressed protein 등 알려지지 않은 것은 40.6%로 566개였으며 TIGR DB에서 염기서열의 유사성 검색을 통해 유전자의 명칭이 알려진 것은 59.4%인 827개로 나타났다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.281-292
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• 2013

Objectives : A growing body of evidence has suggested that the dysfunction of glutamatergic systems plays a pivotal role in major depressive disorder (MDD). This study was performed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of the ethanolic extract of Gastrodia elata Bl (GE) in mouse models and to investigate the role of ${\alpha}$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in producing these antidepressant-like effects. Methods : The forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to investigate GE's behavioral effects in mice. Additional biochemical and behavioral experiments with NBQX, an AMPA receptor antagonist, were undertaken to determine whether the antidepressant-like properties of GE are involved in AMPA receptor throughput. Results : Oral administration of GE extract (1,600 mg/kg) 1h prior to testing significantly reduced the immobility times in the FST and TST. These antidepressant-like effects of GE extract were increased dose-dependently. Pre-treatment with NBQX significantly attenuated the reduction in immobility time induced by the GE extract in the FST and TST. Conclusions : The ethanolic extract of GE may exert antidepressant-like effects with involvement of AMPA receptor.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.155-167
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• 2010

Objectives : In order to investigate the antidepressant effects of Forsythiae Fructus(FF), we performed the Forced Swimming Test(FST). Also the expressions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), c-Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) were measured by immunohistochemical method at paraventricular nucleus(PVN), ventral tegmental area(VTA) and locus coeruleus(LC). Methods : Spraque-Dawley rats were administered FF extract(100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) intragastrically three times prior to the FST. Results : The duration of immobility in the FST was significantly decreased in the FF 100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg groups(p<0.05). The expression of CRF was significantly reduced in the FF 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups(p<0.001). c-Fos expression was significantly decreased at PVN in the FF 100 mg/kg group(p=0.069). TH expression at VTA was significantly increased in the FF 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups(p<0.05). TH expression at LC was not significantly changed(p=0.346). Conclusion : According to the results, it can be suggested that Forsythiae Fructus has antidepressant effect via the decreased immobility through the reduction of CRF and c-Fos expression at PVN.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1053-1058
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• 2010

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine commonly used in East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. In this study, the antidepressant-like activity of GR was investigated using the forced swimming test (FST) in rats. After the FST, the expression of c-Fos and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) was assessed by immunochemistry of brain samples from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The results of the FST showed that a high dose (400 mg/kg) of extract was very effective in reducing immobility(P<0.01), and increased climbing. In addition, treatment with GR (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the expression of c-Fos and CRF in the PVN, compared to controls. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated that GR effectively reduced behavioral and physiological depression responses in an animal model of depression, suggesting that GR might be useful in the treatment of clinical depression.