• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2015

Tropical forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change, and therefore, an accurate and precise estimation of tropical forest carbon (C) is needed. However, there are many uncertainties associated with C stock estimation in a tropical forest, mainly due to its large variations in biomass. Hence, we quantified C stocks in an intact lowland mixed dipterocarp forest (MDF) in Brunei, and investigated variations in biomass and topography. Tree, deadwood, and soil C stocks were estimated by using the allometric equation method, the line intersect method, and the sampling method, respectively. Understory vegetation and litter were also sampled. We then analyzed spatial variations in tree and deadwood biomass in relation to topography. The total C stock was 321.4 Mg C $ha^{-1}$, and living biomass, dead organic matter, and soil C stocks accounted for 67%, 11%, and 23%, respectively, of the total. The results reveal that there was a relatively high C stock, even compared to other tropical forests, and that there was no significant relationship between biomass and topography. Our results provide useful reference data and a greater understanding of biomass variations in lowland MDFs, which could be used for greenhouse gas emission-reduction projects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2019

This study was carried out to analysis the landform characteristics of land creep areas in south Korea. Aspect ratio in 17 areas (approximately 46.0 %) among total land creep areas (37 areas) was ranged from 0.37 to 0.92. Also, aspect ratio in 36 areas (approximately 97.0 %) was less than 2. Longitudinal section form ratio of 15 areas (approximately 41.0 %) was less than 1.0, whereas 22 areas (approximately 59.0 %) were more than 1.0. Horseshoe hoof form in land creep areas were mostly appeared to flat land types, whereas convex terrain ground form was prevailed to micro-topography. Mean contour intervals were higher in micro-topography (mean 29.4 m, range 9.5 m ~ 83.2 m) than in except micro-topography (mean 24.3 m, range: 14.4 m ~ 59.4 m) in land creep areas. The contour intervals were slightly wider in micro-topography (mean 5.1 m, range: 4.9 m ~ 23.8 m) than in except micro-topography in land creep areas. The results indicate that contour intervals were significantly different (P < 0.05) between micro-topography and except micro-topography in land creep areas.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1111-1124
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• 2017

This study aimed to understand the distribution of vegetation in the eastern and western sides of the Baekdudaegan (ridge) dividing the Odaesan National Park, as influenced by its topography and climate. The actual vegetation, topography and climate for each side were used in the overlay analysis. The results of the analysis of actual vegetation showed a high distribution rate of Quercus mongolica forest on both the eastern and western sides. On the eastern side, the distribution rate of Pinus densiflora forest and P. densiflora-Q. variabilis forest was high, while the western side had a high distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved tree forest and Abies hollophylla forest. A clear trend was identified for vegetation distribution with respect to elevation but not with respect to slope or aspect. The results of micro-landform analysis showed that the P. densiflora forests in the ridge and slope and the deciduous broad-leaved tree forest in the valley were respectively distributed with a high ratio. In terms of climate, the eastern side revealed an oceanic climate, with a relatively high average annual temperature, while the western side was characterized by relatively high average annual humidity and average annual precipitation. The distribution rate of P. densiflora forest was found to be high on the eastern side of the mountain range.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2012

The flowed soil volume is able to be estimated simply from topographic data of before and after the debris flow. However, it is often difficult to obtain high resolution topographic data before debris flow because debris flow was occurred in mountainous area and airborne Lidar data was mainly surveyed in urban area. For this reason, Woo(2011) developed the topographic restoration method that can reconstruct the topography before the debris flow using airborne Lidar data. In this study, we applied the topographic restoration method on Inje county, Bongwha county and Jecheon city, produced topography data before debris flow that RMSE is from 0.16 to 0.34 m. Also, a soil variation was analyzed by topography data before and after debris flow, and it was used to estimate a real soil volume flowed to downstream and a spatial distribution showing collapses, flows, sedimentations appeared to debris flow.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1470-1472
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• 2003

Hyperion, as hyperspectral data, is carried on NASA’s EO-1 satellite, can be used in more subtle discrimination on forest cover, with 224 band in 360 ?2580 nm (10nm interval). In this study, Hyperion image is used to investigate the effects of topography on the classification of forest cover, and to assess whether the topographic correction improves the discrimination of species units for practical forest mapping. A publicly available Digital Elevation Model (DEM), at a scale of 1:25,000, is used to model the radiance variation on forest, considering MSR(Mean Spectral Ratio) on antithesis aspects. Hyperion, as hyperspectral data, is corrected on a pixel-by-pixel basis to normalize the scene to a uniform solar illumination and viewing geometry. As a result, the approach on topographic effect normalization in hyperspectral data can effectively reduce the variation in detected radiance due to changes in forest illumination, progress the classification of forest cover.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1983

As Dr. Ogawa visited to Korea for joint research on Tricholoma matsutake, authors travelled 15 main producing districts of Tricholoma matsutake and had field survey on sample areas in these districts from September 23 to October 3 1981. The object of this investigation were to understand the actual conditions of pine forest and growing Tricholoma matsutake in Korea so as to find out relevant treatment of pine forest where the Tricholoma matsutake were growing. As a results, present environmental conditions such as weather, topography, soils, pine forest, vegetations, pine mushrooms(Tricholoma matsutake), other fungi and the relationship between Tricholoma matsutake and the diseases of pine forest were investigated. Model figures of topography and forest type on surveyed area have been drawn up. Some countermeasures to improve pine forest conditions in the aspect of producing Tricholoma matsutake were suggested through the prediction on the transition of pine forest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2015

The objective of this study is in investigating the research for more accurately quantify the information on mountain forest by using the data on high density LiDAR. For the quantitative analysis of mountain forest resources, we investigated the method to acquire the data on high density LiDAR and extract mountain forest resources. Consequently, the height and girth of a tree each mountain forest resources could be extracted by using the data on high density LiDAR. When using the data on low density LiDAR of 2.5points/m² in average used to produce digital map, it was difficult to extract the exact height and girth of mountain forest resources. If using the data on high density LiDAR of 7points/m² by considering topography, the property of mountain forest resources, data capacity and process velocity, etc, it was found that multitudinous entities could be extracted. It was found that mountain topography and mixed topography were generally denser than plane topography and multitudinous mountain forest resources could be extracted. Furthermore, it was also found that the entity at the border could not be extracted, when each partition was individually processed and the area should be subdivided and extracted by considering the process time and property of target area rather than processing wide area at once. We expect to be studied more profoundly the absorption quantity of greenhouse gas later by using information on mountain forest resources in the future.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.135-138
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• 2001

The study area, the Kwangnung Experimental Forest (KEF) region is located at the west-central portion of the Korean peninsula (Figure 1), and covers 2, 240ha. Elevations range about from 90m to 600m, and the highest peak is Mt. Jukyeopsan (600.6m). Kwangnung Natural Reserve Forest area is about 1, 200ha, which has been protected from human activities for a long time.(omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.465-476
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• 1996

There are several environmental variables that may be influential to the spatial distribution of forest vegetation. To create a map of forest vegetation zone over southern part of Korean Peninsula, digital map layers were produced for each of environmental variables that include topography, geographic locations, and climate. In addition, an extensive set of field survey data was collected at relatively undisturbed forests and they were introduced into the GIS database with exact coordinates of survey sites. Preliminary statistical analysis on the survey data showed that the environmental variables were significantly different among the previously defined five forest vegetation zones. Classification of the six layers of digital map representing environmental variables was carried out by a supervised classifier using the training statistics from field survey data and by a clustering algorithm. Although the maps from two classifiers were somewhat different due to the classification procedure applied, they showed overall patterns of vertical and horizontal distribution of forest zones. considering the spatial contents of many ecological studies, GIS can be used as an important tool to manage and analyze spatial data. This study discusses more about the generation of digital map and the analysis procedure rather than the outcome map of forest vegetation zone.

• Atmosphere
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2023

Accurate estimation of forest carbon stocks is important in establishing greenhouse gas reduction plans. In this study, we estimate the spatial distribution of forest carbon stocks using machine learning techniques based on high-resolution remote sensing data and detailed field survey data. The high-resolution remote sensing data used in this study are Landsat indices (EVI, NDVI, NDII) for monitoring vegetation vitality and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data for describing topography. We also used the forest growing stock data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) for estimating forest biomass. Based on these data, we built a model based on machine learning methods and optimized for Korean forest types to calculate the forest carbon stocks per grid unit. With the newly developed estimation model, we created forest carbon stocks maps and estimated the forest carbon stocks in South Korea. As a result, forest carbon stock in South Korea was estimated to be 432,214,520 tC in 2020. Furthermore, we estimated the loss of forest carbon stocks due to the Donghae-Uljin forest fire in 2022 using the forest carbon stock map in this study. The surrounding forest destroyed around the fire area was estimated to be about 24,835 ha and the loss of forest carbon stocks was estimated to be 1,396,457 tC. Our model serves as a tool to estimate spatially distributed local forest carbon stocks and facilitates accounting of real-time changes in the carbon balance as well as managing the LULUCF part of greenhouse gas inventories.