• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.27-42
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• 1986

The vegetation structure in the Hoo - Won, Changduk Palace in Seoul was analysed on 10 sites sampled for understanding structure of natural vegetation. The main vegetational survey was conducted during July, 1985 and actual vegetaion and degree of natural vegetaion types were surveyed additionally. The result summarized of this research are as follows. 1) The physical - chemical conditions of soil showed middle class. This might be derived by short succession period from Pine forest to decidious broadleaf forest and artificial impact by human intervention. 2) When considering dominance species by crown story, Quercus aliena was a dominant species over all site and Castanea crenata, Prunus sargentii and Quercus variabilis appeared as a dominant species locally at upper story. Styrax story and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax japonica, Stephanandra incisa and Lespedeza spp. at lower story. 3) The distances kept by trees per crown story are as follows. The mean distances between trees were 4.5-5.5m at upper story, 2.8-3.3m at middle story. On the other hand, the mean distances between dominant species were 6-8m at upper story, 5-9m at middle story. 4) The vegetation in this area was not developed yet into dominant species community according to the similarity analysis. The natural vegetation was dominated by Quercus spp. especially Quercus aliena according to the analysis of species diversity, relative dominance by story and DBH class. On the orther hand, succession to climax stage dominated by shade tolerent species will take a long time due to little appearance of shade tolerence species by previous heavy artificial impacts on understory species. 5) Quercus forest took possesion of 71.3%(27.37ha) of total forest area when considering the actual vegetation and especially Quercus aliena community covered 53.2%(15.21ha). Carpinus laxiflora community, one of the climax species in temperate zone, took possesion of 1.0%(0.3ha) and Pine densiflora was almost disappeared due to species competition. 6) According to the degree of natural vegetation types, the possession of degree of 6-9 was 60.6% and degree of 7-8, substitute vegetation, was 15.5%. The possesion of degree of 9 which consists of over 50 years old trees simliar to natural vegetaion was the highest, 43.1% in this area. Therefore continuous protection in this area of degree of 9 should be recommended.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2006

Changes of the species diversity and development of vegetation structure during abandoned field succession after shifting cultivation were investigated in Pyoungchang, Gangwon-Do, Korea. The height of top layer tended to increase rapidly during the earlier successional stages and stabilize in the later successional stage. The heights of top layer in the 10, 20, 50 and 80 year old-field were 4, 9, 18 and 18 m, respectively. In this region, thirty five year after abandonment need for the development to the normal forest formed by 4 stratum structure, tree, sub-tree, shrub and herb layer. Among the vegetation values, Ivc showed a tendency to increase logarithmically, and Hcl a tendency to increase linearly during abandoned field succession. Species diversity showed the peak in mid-successional stages ($10{\sim}20$ year old-field) and declined slightly thereafter. Species diversity was correlated closely with the species richness than the evenness. The most woody species established in the earlier stage ($2{\sim}6$ year old-field) and turned over their dominance step by step during succession. These results support the IFC model proposed by Egler (1954).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 1987

This study was executed to measure the user\`s impact natural environment in National Park Campsite. Therefore, we choose Mt. Chiak National Park and the campsite in the district of Temple Ku-Ryong as a model of analysis, which is made by ecological approach, the number of the user has influence on the environment near the campsite. The result are as follows : 1. The more the number of users becomes, the more Na, Ca, Mg ion concentration and pH in the soil increase and the less K ion becomes. 2. Litter and humus depth, litter coverage, herb coverage, soil hardness, the surface of the ground layer and tree species numbers, density and coverage of lower layer shows a sensitive reaction to the number of the users. 3. The research shows that the tolerant trees against campsite impact are Lespedeza maximowiczii, Zanthoxylum schinifolium Staphylea bumalda, Smilax sieboldii, Quercus aliena, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Weigela subsessilis and Securinega suffruticosa, and the sensitive trees are Stephanandra incisa, Rubus trichocarpa, Rubus crataegifolius, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax obassia, Acer palmatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron suhlippenbachii, Rhus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. 4. The high density of the users made the simplication of a vegetation structure. So, as the number of the user increase the species showed severe heterogeniety between the heavy-use and nonuse site. 5. As considering the landscape management about campsite and surrounding area on the way of analysis of national landscape aspect and succession sere according to ecological aspect, it may be desirable that Pinus densiflora forest be conserved as Pinus densiflora landscape and mixed forest produce natural scenery with succession sere.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.450-461
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• 1998

To investigate the plant community structure of Paekdam-Valley in Soraksan National Park, fifty-two plots have been set up and surveyed. By DCA ordination technique, the plant communities were classified into fkve community types, which were Pinus densiflora community and Q. mongolica community. It was supposed that Q. serrata community change to C. laxiflora community. It seemed that P. densiflora community, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and Q. serrata community would not be replace by another woody species. And it seemed that C. laxiflora community succeeded to Q. serrata community, so it was similar to the typical ecological succession of natural forest in the middle temperate regions. The range of Shannon's diversity index was 0.9827~1.2946(Unit area : 400m$^2$) and that was over another Korean National Parks area relatively.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.185-199
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• 2010

Correlation between community structure of herbivore and succession of macro-algal flora was examined in subtidal area of Dang-Sa Province, eastern coast of Korea from April 2008 to December 2009. For examination, the authors hypothesized that there are significant correlation between the foregoing two variables. Samplings were conducted every two months quantitatively with SCUBA diving at -3, -6 and -10 depth in the two line transects (barren and forest grounds). As results, rhodophyts was predominated in the algal flora based on the number of species and biomass; molluscs was predominated in the herbivores based on the number of species and echinoderms was predominated in that based on the biomass. There was no significant correlation between the foregoing two variables in the whole survey area and barren/forest grounds. Consequently, the hypothesis was rejected. The authors proposed that examination of correlation between the foregoing two variables should focus on the specific herbivore group(s) (e.g., amphipods) afterward.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.279-288
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• 2008

Vertical forest distribution is one of the important factors to understand various ecological mechanism such as succession, disturbance and environmental effects. LiDAR data provide information, both the horizontal and vertical distribution of forest structure. The laser scanner survey provided a point cloud, in which the x, y, and z coordinates of the points are known. The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze factors of forest structure such as individual tree isolation, tree height, canopy closure and tree density using LiDAR data and 2) to compare the forest structure between outer and interior forest. The paper conducted to extract the individual tree using watershed algorithm and to interpolate using the first return of LiDAR data for yielding digital surface model (DSM). The results of the study show characters of edge such as more isolated individual trees, higher density, lower canopy closure, and lower tree height than those of interior forest. LiDAR data is to be useful for analyzing of forest structure. Further study should be undertaken with species for more accurate results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.13-24
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• 2000

In urban area, urban forests work as an ecological center that mitigates the environmental pollution of the area. In order to maintain the ecological function of a forest, the management method should be established based on ht through investigation of the vegetation structure of the forest. In this study, the vegetation structure of Namsan in Kyungju area was investigated in order to study the ecological value of Namsan and to suggest a desirable management alternative. 21 plots were selected as survey areas. Using the TWINSPAN technique, the forest of Namsan was classified into four communities: Quercus serrata community(I), Castanea crenata-Q. serrata-Q. mongolica community(II), Pinus densiflora community(III) and P. densiflora-P. rigida-Robinia pseudoacacia community(IV). The survey results were summarized by five: 1) the distribution of vegetation showed 2) P. densiflora was the absolutely dominant species in Namsan, 3) number of the average species was 12.6$^{\circ}$$\pm$3.1, 4) number of individual was 131.1$^{\circ}$$\pm$47.8 per a plot(100$m^2$), 5) the results of annual ring analysis revealed that the age of P. densiflora in Namsan was about 3 0$^{\circ}$~60$^{\circ}$years old. From the above results, it was found out that the forest has two problems. One thing is maintenance of P.densiflora against succession, another is artificial forest dispersion. The problems of Namsan forest management will be solved with further studies related.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.84-93
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• 2004

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in granite forest roads cut-slope. From two to sixteen year elapsed forest roads in four regional areas of Gangwon-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, soil moisture content, and bulk density in the decomposed granite soils were below 1.32%, 0.08%, 10.0%, and above 1.24g/$cm^3$, respectively. The result indicated that the soil was not good for plant growth. The environmental factors affecting distribution of species in the granite forest roads were the elapsed year, cut-slope, elevation, and cut-slope aspect. Species with high frequency in the granite forest road cut-slope ordered Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus crataegifolius, Pinus densiflora, Lysimachia clethroides, Amorpha fruticosa, Dactylis glomerata, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Festuca arundinacea, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Artemisia stolonifera, and Weigela subsessilis. Herbs seeded in earth stage such as Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, and Festuca arundinacea had changed into perennial herbs such as Carex lanceolata, Poa sphondylodes, Patrinia villosa, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Melica onoei, Artemisia keiskeana, Artemisia stolonifera, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Spodiopogon sibiricus, and those had changed into shrubs such as Rubus crataegifolius and Weigela subsessilis, and those had changed into trees such as Salix hulteni, Salix koreensis, and Fraxinus rhyncholhylla according to elapsed year of forest roads. Legumes such as Lespedeza sp., Pueraria thunbergiana, Amorpha fruticosa, etc., herbs such as Artemisia keiskeana, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Artemisia stolonifera, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Miscanthus sinensis, etc., and woody plants such as Pinus densiflora, Rubus crataegifolius, Weigela subsessilis, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rhododendron mucronulatum, etc., with foreign herbs were considered as proper species for replantation in granite forest road cut-slope.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.445-458
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• 1998

The present study focused on the vegetation structure and dynamics of Betula davurica forest were to provide the information for management, distribution and utilization of B. davurica forest in Mt. Chiri national park, southern Korea. The layer structure of B. davurica forest were consist of tree layer(18 species), middle layer(29 species), shrub layer(43 species) and herb layer(68 species). According to the importance value of stratification of layers, In tree layer, B. davurica dominant the highest value of 123.97%, Alnus hirsuta 49.04., Castanea crenata 25.58%, Quercus serrata 25.02%, Stewartia koreana 14.49%, in middle layer were B. davurica 70.81%, Q. serrata 37.74%, Fraxinus rhynchophylla 25.35% Lindera erythrocarpa 24.52%, S. koreana 18.86%, shrub layer were Sasa borealis 28.28%, L. erythrocarpa 24.94%, Rhus trichocarpa, 20.42%, Stephanandra incisa 19.90% and herb layer Schizandra chinensis 18.51%, Aster scaber 12.26%. Disporum smilacinum 10.63% etc, respectively. Results of chi-square test statistics based on presence-absence parameters, the positively associated species pair were Quercus variablis - Q. acutissima, Stewartia koreana - Symplocos paniculata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum - Quercus mongolica. And covariation was calculated based on quantitative measure of density. The results showed that the association and covariation values among species not agreed with each other. The frequency distribution of DBH Betula davurica species showed reverse J-shaped, therefore it's seems to retrain as a dominant species. When predicting succession in Betula davurica forest, it is seedling and saplings were not richness, succession was governed by competition of hardwood species of subtree and tree layer.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2002

Investigated was the ground-walking Coleoptera at the moor and adjacent forest at 800 m and rice paddies at lower level of 50 m in altitude. There were 5 species belonging to 5 genera and 2 families, 4 species belonging to 4 genera and 3 families, and 17 species belonging to 11 genera and 2 families respectively. Diplous depressus (Gebler) was the dominant species at the moor and forest in distinctive numbers, while Pheropsophus javanus (Dejean) was the one at the paddies. Three investigated sites supported independently their ground-walking Coleoptera groups. The moor group seemed to fail in establishing the resident Coleoptera community. The fact may imply to be related a kind of the pioneer species in early dry succession that D. depressus was found in a considerable range between forest and moor. The Coleoptera groups of moor and forest was different from that of paddies in species structure.