• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
• /
• 2002.12a
• /
• pp.94-95
• /
• 2002

South Korea is divided into five ecoprovinces and sixteen ecoregions. The criteria for ecoprovince classification are ecosystem connectivity and cultural homogeneity. Ecoregions are classified by cluster analysis. The variables used in the analysis are latitude, longitude, seasonal mean temperature, and seasonal precipitation. The large forest fires occurred in the specific ecoregions including Kangwon coastal ecoregion, WoolYoung coastal ecoregion, Hyungsan Taehwa coastal ecoregion, Upper Nagdong river basin ecoregion and Southeastern inland ecoregion. The largest forest fire in the korean history occurred in Kangwon coastal ecoregion in the year 2000. The fire devastated the forestland over 25,000ha. Korea Forest Service, Ministry of Environment, Province Kangwon and NGO organized an investigation committee for the restoration of the burnt area. The committee suggested restoration principles and also forged a restoration strategy of the Kangwon burnt area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.121-132
• /
• 2009

The agency which is responsible for work related to the restoration of vegetation on the quarry in Hong Kong is the Geotechnical Engineering Office of Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD). CEDD's environmental management system was certified as ISO 14001 : 2004 in 2006 and diverse instructions and technical documents about the restoration of the quarry were published and used for the performance of work and the implementation of the project. The restoration of the quarry is being carried out to respond to short-term and long-term goals. The general instructions for the restoration of vegetation says that a plant, when selected, should be self-sustainable with minimum maintenance required, have a high growth and survival rate, be tall enough to cover the rock slope faces, and preferably produce colourful flowers. These instructions prescribe the vegetation introduction technology, planting seasons, structural material of the vegetation works, maintenance and management, tree nursery operation, means of water supply, etc. This report introduced the outline of work on restoring vegetation carried out at Anderson Road, Shek O, Lam Tei, Turret Hill, Lamma, all large-sized quarries. In addition, it additzed Anderson Road's master plan. It is hoped that the Hong Kong examples so introduced are referred to in terms of institutional and technical considerations related to the nation's project for restoring quarries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 2002

This study synthesizes previous research accomplishments with analysis of problems and counterplan for the riparian forest zone management and ongoing research strategy is suggested. If a part of budgets for water use allotments is supported for forest watershed owner, this policy for the forest owner could encourage the forest management of watershed. Integrated riparian forest management guideline in city and county needs to be established for the implementation of government guidelines. Base on the guideline, working plans of city and county could be evaluated. Public Forest Tending Work for stream water quality and quantity conservation should be enlarged for forest watershed and forest area management in five big river watersheds. Forest watershed should be managed with a connected system for a pollutant reduction strategy in urban and industrial areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2011

We recently witnessed increasingly more natural disturbances on forested land. On the other hand, only limited number of nursery grown tree species are available for restoration projects. At the same time, so little on the disturbance resistance of species has been studied that a selection of right species for right site condition becomes very difficult. This study is a compilation of the site specificities and disturbance resistance of each species native to South Korea. Each species was surveyed for 11 items related to site specificities, and 12 items related to disturbance resistance including the resistance to snow damage. This study was conducted for 161 tree species from 44 families : 21 evergreen conifer species, 2 deciduous conifer species, 18 evergreen broad-leaved species, 118 deciduous broad-leaved species, and 2 monocotyledon species. This study suggests that native species in South Korea show resistance to all types of natural disturbances except drought.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.4
• /
• pp.558-566
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to offer preliminary data for a natural restoration by the actual condition survey of quarries after extracting rock materials. The mountain restoration area according to a farming and fishing village organize project was restored by green landscape after quarry. However, planting tree species were died due to poor maintenance and administration after restoration works and surface soil loss and erosion occurred during a summer rainfall season because of poor slope greening. It will be needed to review restoration constructions to establish a natural friendly and flawless construction through the selection of optimum restoration works and the examination of soil and geological characteristics. In addition, it is necessary to apply cost-reducing program of restoration constructions. Quarry areas could be restored by the selection of simple and optimum construction works because the most areas were dominant in earth-sand rocks, soft-rocks, and weather-rocks. In addition, the restoration construction project should be examined thoroughly by restoration specialists during green restoration planning and review processes.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.125-136
• /
• 2016

The Korea Forest Service(KFS) has been initiating restoration activities of ridgeline in damaged and fragmented areas of Baekdudaegan since 2011. Completed project in Ihwaryeong, Yuksimnyeong & Beoljae(2012; 2013) were selected as sites for this study. The changes in microclimate condition, vegetation composition and soil properties between project sites and adjacent stands were compared to evaluate the effect of restoration at early stage(after 2years). Pinus densiflora was planted mainly for these restoration sites, however Robinia pseudoacacia and Alnus sibirica invaded the area two years after the restoration activities. Ihwaryeong showed the most changes in understory vegetation among the study sites. Exotic species, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Oenothera odorata, Erigeron annuus, and Coreopsis tinctoria invaded Ihwaryeong, and the dominance have invaded currently. It resulted from the poor survival rate of trees and high difference in microclimate wherein there's an increased temperature and decreased humidity in both restored sites and adjacent stands. In addition, it is also caused by poor soil chemical property, especially pH and organic matter content due to lack of humus layer and its accumulation, compared to adjacent forest soil in restored sites. Significant difference on chemical soil property was observed between restored sites and adjacent forest but no significant difference was observed after two years of restoration. Ecological monitoring is needed to understand the ecological changes after restoration and to establish a long-term management strategy.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2016

Despite it has been mentioned that the successful restoration in landscape level was achieved in the Young-il soil erosion control project, quantitative evaluation of restored plant communities (Alnus firma as introduced species and Pinus thunbergii as native species) was hardly founded. Light availability, litter and woody debris cover, and forest structure and composition were determined for 500 m² band-quadrat in three forest types. Abiotic factors of Q. serrata stands, as reference forest, and A. firma stands were similar but not for P. thunbergii stands. There were no significant difference on mean stem density (stems ha^-1, H = 3.6, p = 0.162), and the mean basal area of each stand had marginal significance (m² ha^-1, H = 5.7, p = 0.058) among stands as total basal area was higher with the order of A. firma (21.4 m² ha^-1), P. thunbergii (19.8 m² ha^-1) and Q. serrata (16.2 m² ha^-1). Restoration of vegetation structure was more effective in fast-growing and N-fixing A. firma, as introduced species plantation. However, result of MRPP, NMS ordination and ISPAN for herbaceous layer, not for tree and shrub species composition, indicated that restoration of ground vegetation was likely influenced highly from local environment. Propagule availability from landscape context such as connectedness to natural vegetation and management practices in restored isolated stands are available explanations for restoration effects and gaps between restored plantations and secondary oak forest.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.791-797
• /
• 1998

An attempt to clarify the landscape structure of urban areas was carried out on Mt. Hwangryung located in the center of Pusan, southern Korea. By means of aerial photographs and field survey, a vegetation map including land-use pattern was made. Landscape structure was described by analyzing the vegetation map. Landscape element types were classified into secondary forest, introduced plantation, and other elements including urbanized area. almus firma and Pinus thunbergii communities, introduced plantation elements, formed matrix and some secondary forest elements and the other artificial plantations of small scale tended to distribute as small patches in such matrix. The number of patches per unit area in secondary forest elements was more than that in introduced plantation element. The result on patech size was vice versa. As the results of landscape ecological analyses, it was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to artificial interference and those in sub-communities levels to natural process such as progression of succession. On the other hand, restoration plans in viewpoints of restoration and landscape ecology were suggested to improve ecological quality of Mt. hwangryung.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 2020

In this study, the effects of windbreak fences composed of natural vegetation on one-year-old seedlings were analyzed to develop restoration methods for an endangered subalpine species, the dwarf Siberian pine (Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel). One-year-old seedlings were planted in 2016 by sowing seeds that had been collected from the Daecheongbong area on Mt. Seoraksan, South Korea, in 2014. The area near Daecheongbong was selected as the experimental site, and treatment and control plots (2m×2m) were installed at the site. To analyze the effects of wind protection, windbreak fences were constructed in the treatment plots using hairy Korean rhododendrons (Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. var. ciliatum Nakai) from the surrounding area and weather stations were installed to investigate atmospheric temperature, humidity, and wind speed. In all control plots without windbreak fences, dwarf Siberian pine seedlings were killed by strong winds seven months after planting. In contrast, the average survival rate of the seedlings in treatment plots was 96.7% after seven months, 64.2% after two years, and 45% after three years, with most (85.3%) of the seedlings showing good initial root establishment. Accordingly, windbreak fences composed of natural vegetation are suitable for promoting the early establishment of seedlings in the restoration of dwarf Siberian pine stands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2003

Forest fires happened simultaneously in Go-Seong, Gang-Neung, Sam-Cheok, Dong-Hae, Ul-Chin for 9 days(7th-15th of April, 2000). The area of those fires came to 23,794ha, about 80 times of Yeoui-Do and the extent of damage was the biggest and worst in Korea. The focus of this study is to compare the rate of restoration by damage types and develop the sound restoration model and efficient woodland management after the forest fire. The study site faces East Sea and the elements such as seasons, topographical features and etc. make difficult to obtain the suitable data from satellite. This study analyzed two images;2000yr and 2001yr after the fire. MODVI was more useful to grasp the damage than NDVI and the limitation of this study was the lack of images by damage types. The study suggests that lots of images are needed to monitor and analyze the forest fire site and the image of higher resolution is required to analyze the narrow site.