• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

Background: Oxidative stress occurs during the aging process and other conditions such as bone fracture, bone diseases, and osteoporosis, but the role of oxidative stress in bone remodeling is unknown. Propofol exerts antioxidant effects, but the mechanisms of propofol preconditioning on oxidative stress have not been fully explained. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of propofol against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress on a human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cell line via activation of autophagy. Methods: Cells were randomly divided into the following groups: control cells were incubated in normoxia (5% $CO_2$, 21% $O_2$, and 74% $N_2$) without propofol. Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) group cells were exposed to $H_2O_2\;(200{\mu}M)$ for 2 h, propofol preconditioning (PPC)/$H_2O_2$ group cells were pretreated with propofol then exposed to $H_2O_2$, 3-methyladenine (3-MA)/PPC/$H_2O_2$ cells were pretreated with 3-MA (1 mM) and propofol, then were exposed to $H_2O_2$. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated. Osteoblast maturation was determined by assaying bone nodular mineralization. Expression levels of bone related proteins were determined by western blot. Results: Cell viability and bone nodular mineralization were decreased significantly by $H_2O_2$, and this effect was rescued by propofol preconditioning. Propofol preconditioning effectively decreased $H_2O_2$-induced hFOB cell apoptosis. However, pretreatment with 3-MA inhibited the protective effect of propofol. In western blot analysis, propofol preconditioning increased protein levels of collagen type I, BMP-2, osterix, and TGF-${\beta}1$. Conclusions: This study suggests that propofol preconditioning has a protective effect on $H_2O_2$-induced hFOB cell death, which is mediated by autophagy activation.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.101-104
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 FOB Key Smart Key System module 간의 원할한 통신을 위한 실차 테스트를 하였으며, 실차 테스트를 위한 데모 모듈레이션 구성은 물론 각 모듈간의 통신상태및 최적의 통신 상태를 위한 3차원 그리드 형태의 실험준비를 하였고 최적의 감도를 얻기위한 수천번의 실차 테스트를 실시하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.161-173
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• 1998

This study investigates why the Married Female Production Workers(MFPW) participate in their work and what is work load they take. This study uses an ecosystems approaches in order to explain the labor participation of the MFPW and their work load. MFPW participate in their work because of the labor markets need and economic need of their household rather than their personal choice. Due to the long working hours, low wage and bad labor conditions of MFPW's job, they suffer more severe work load both at the fob and at home than any other occupational groups.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.2993-3002
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• 2015

INCOTERMS 2010 apply to the International Trade Contract for the last 5 years. The export trade condition and the document type for last 10 years was researched to analysis of the practical problems of INCOTERMS 2010 application. The result of the research; First, several rules which are against the official INCOTERMS 2010 rules are used. Second, the conventional rules like FAS FOB, CIF and CFR which are used for the ocean and inland transportation are applied without any changes. Third, the issue of the time of delivery(transfer of ownership) at the CPT and CIP affects not to activate these two rules. Fourth, the frequency of the DAT use is low. Because, the terminal designate is hard at the point of the contract and the terminal is changeable during the transport. According to these issues, the active publicity campaign is needed for the INCOTERMS 2010. And, the analysis of the terms and the solution of conflict are also needed.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.3-41
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• 2011

In this article, the author have studied on main revisions and some recommendations of the Incoterms(R) 2010. Main revisions are as belows. 1. Two new Incoterms rules -DAT and DAP- have replaced the Incoterms 2000 rules DAF, DES, DEQ and DDU. 2. New classification of the Incoterms(R) 2010 are adopted. First class is Rules for any mode or modes of transport(EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP and DDP belong to this class.) and second class is rules for sea and inland waterway transport(FAS, FOB, CFR and CIF belong to this class.). 3. Incoterms(R) 2010 rules formally recognizes that they are available for application to both international and domestic sale contracts. 4. The Guidance Notes and Introduction are not part of the actual Incoterms(R) 2010 rules. 5. Under the FOB, CFR and CIF, all mention of the ship's rail as the point of delivery has been omitted in preference for the goods being delivered when they are "on board" the vessel. 6. Incoterms(R) 2010 rules include the obligation to 'procure goods shipped' as an alternative to the obligation to ship goods in the relevant Incoterms rules. 7. Incoterms(R) 2010 rules give electronic means of communication the same effect as paper communication. 8. Incoterms(R) 2010 rules have allocated obligations between the buyer and seller to obtain or to render assistance in obtaining security-related clearances. such as chain-of custody information. Some recommendations are as belows. 1. The parties must incorporate the Incoterms(R) 2010 rules into their contract of sale. 2. The parties must choose the appropriate Incoterms(R) 2010 rules. 3. Specify the place or port as precisely as possible in their contract of sale. 4. Remember that Incoterms(R) 2010 rules do not give the parties a complete contract of sale. 5. Incoterms(R) 2010 rules do not prohibit alteration of Incoterms rule, but there are dangers in so doings. In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremely clear in their contract.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.53-74
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• 2009

INCOTERMS have been changed almost every 10 years since ICC established INCOTERMS as trade terms for International transaction. Recently transportation has become bigger, and modernized by means of electronic appliances such as RFID, IT, and containerization. FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA were added in INCOTERMS1980 and every conditions are unified into three alphabets in INCOTERMS1990. The best features of INCOTERMS2000 are that FCA substitute FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA and customs formalities were simplified to make clear for each party of contract. It seems that business circles still stick to old customs of their trade like FOB or CIF not only in Korea but in an international practice even though there have been several revisions of INCOTERMS until now. ICC have tried to provide INCOTERMS3000 to solve problems between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. This study has tried to suggest opinions against INCOTERMS3000 and has surveyed a recognition, an actual using situation and issues of INCOTERMS to get improvements. For a recognition of INCOTERMS has been spread as you can find at tables many kinds of business circles still stick to old customs of their trade terms FOB and CIF. Now there are two alternative plans. Firstly, we need to suggest improvements against inconsistency of INCOTERMS to be applied on newly revised INCOTERMS3000 and educating business circles to use proper conditions of INCOTERMS for their doing business. Secondly, we shall participate in revising INCOTERMS to activate multimodal transport conditions of INCOTERMS and provide solutions to fill gap between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. It seems that terms of multimodal transport such as FCA, CPT, or CIP can be a perfect condition for each party of contract. We have examined the inconsistent features of Ship's rail and notions of on board, and observed how to activate multimodal transport terms. These would be hot issues of next revision of INCOTERMS and we provided improvements on each trade terms, THC charges, or others against INCOTERMS.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.291-296
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• 2014

Objectives: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a side effect of bisphophonate therapy that has been reported in recent years. Osteoclastic inactivity by bisphosphonate is the known cause of BRONJ. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) plays an important role in the development of bone. Recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) is potentially useful as an activation factor for bone repair. We hypothesized that rhBMP-2 would enhance the osteoclast-osteoblast interaction related to bone remodeling. Materials and Methods: Human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB 1.19) were treated with $100{\mu}M$ alendronate, and 100 ng/mL rhBMP-2 was added. Cells were incubated for a further 48 hours, and cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. Expression of the three cytokines from osteoblasts, receptor activator of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Cell viability was decreased to $82.75%{\pm}1.00%$ by alendronate and then increased to $110.43%{\pm}1.35%$ after treatment with rhBMP-2 (P<0.05, respectively). OPG, RANKL, and M-CSF expression were all decreased by alendronate treatment. RANKL and M-CSF expression were increased, but OPG was not significantly affected by rhBMP-2. Conclusion: rhBMP2 does not affect OPG gene expression in hFOB, but it may increase RANKL and M-CSF gene expression.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.19-45
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to analyse the effects of Sweet Bee Venom(Sweet BV-pure melittin, the major component of honey bee venom) on the central nervous system in rats. Methods: All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical studies authorized institution, under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Male rats of 5 weeks old were chosen for this study and after confirming condition of rats was stable, Sweet BV was administered in thigh muscle of rats. And checked the effects of Sweet BV on the central nervous system using the functional observational battery (FOB), which is a neuro-toxicity screening assay composed of 30 descriptive, scalar, binary, and continuous endpoints. And home cage observations, home cage removal and handling, open field activity, sensorimotor reflex test/physiological measurements were conducted. Results: 1. In the home cage observation, there was not observed any abnormal signs in rats. 2. In the observation of open field activity, the reduction of number of unit areas crossed and rearing count was observed caused by Sweet BV treatment. 3. In the observation of handling reactivity, there was not observed any abnormal signs in rats. 4. In the observation of sensorimotor reflex tests/physiological measurements, there was not observed any neurotoxic signs in rats. 5. In the measurement of rectal temperature, treatment of Sweet BV did not showed great influences in the body temperature of rats. Conclusions: Above findings suggest that Sweet BV is relatively safe treatment in the central nervous system. But in the using of over dose, Sweet BV may the cause of local pain and disturbance of movement. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.38
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• pp.48.1-48.8
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• 2016

Background: This study investigates the effect of alendronate-treated osteoblasts, as well as the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the alendronate-treated osteoblasts. Bisphosphonate decreases the osteoblastic activity. Various treatment modalities are used to enhance the bisphosphonate-treated osteoblasts; however, there were no cell culture studies conducted using a low-level laser. Methods: Human fetal osteoblastic (hFOB 1.19) cells were treated with $50{\mu}M$ alendronate. Then, they were irradiated with a $1.2J/cm^2$ low-level Ga-Al-As laser (${\lambda}=808{\pm}3nm$, 80 mW, and 80 mA; spot size, $1 cm^2$; NDLux, Seoul, Korea). The cell survivability was measured with the MTT assay. The three cytokines of osteoblasts, receptor activator of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were analyzed. Results: In the cells treated with alendronate at concentrations of $50{\mu}M$ and higher, cell survivability significantly decreased after 48 h (p < 0.05). After the applications of low-level laser on alendronate-treated cells, cell survivability significantly increased at 72 h (p < 0.05). The expressions of OPG, RANKL, and M-CSF have decreased via the alendronate. The RANKL and M-CSF expressions have increased, but the OPG was not significantly affected by the LLLT. Conclusions: The LLLT does not affect the OPG expression in the hFOB cell line, but it may increase the RANKL and M-CSF expressions, thereby resulting in positive effects on osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.123-141
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a plan on promoting use of multimodal transport logistics terms in Incoterms, 2010. This study deals with the terms of three promotion factors which are a user's subjective factors, a trade transport logistics environment factors, and a term content factors. According to analysis results of the factors, a user's subjective factors(3.87 score) are scored the most ones of promotion factors of using multimodal transport logistics terms in Incoterms, 2010, to be compared with a trade transport logistics environment factors(3.60 score). with a term content factors(3.74 score). Therefore, first of all, it is important to promoting use of multimodal transport logistics terms in Incoterms, 2010 through as follows, a user's subjective factors : (1) to understand correlation of door to door multimodal transport and terms of Incoterms, 2010, (2) to promote use of multimodal transport logistics terms in Incoterms, 2010 in door to door multimodal transport, (3) to restrain customary use of FOB, CFR, CIF terms. And, the next, we have to promote use of multimodal transport logistics terms in Incoterms, 2010 through considering a trade transport logistics environment factors and a term content factors.