• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1978

본(本) 실험(實驗)은 한국산(韓國産) 대두(大豆) 5 품종(品種)(수원62호, 수원81호, 수원 82호, 수원 83호, 경남 3 호)의 수용(水溶), 단백질(蛋白質)을 gel filtration하여 trypsin inhibitor를 fractionation하여 대두품종별(大豆品種別) trypsin inhibitor의 pattern을 조사(調査)하고 또 이의 내열성(耐熱性)을 살펴보기 위한 목적(目的)으로 시도하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 대두(大豆)의 수용성(水溶性) 단백질(蛋白質)을 추출(抽出)하여 sephadex G-75로 column chromatography하여 분획한 결과(結果) 3개(個)의 peak를 얻었으며, TIA는 두번째 peak 부근에 걸쳐 있었고 trypsin inhibitor는 모두 4개의 fraction(FI, FII, FIII, FIV)으로 나뉘어졌으며, trypsin inhibitor pattern은 수원81호, 수원82호, 수원83호는 FIII의 TIA가 높았으며, 경남 3호 및 수원62호는 FIV에서 높게 나타났다. gel filtration에서 분획(分劃)한 4개의 fraction에 있어서 단백질(蛋白質) mg당(當) TIA는 모두 FIV가 가장 높게 나타났으며 이 fraction의 내열성(耐熱性)은 $100^{\circ}C$에서 20분간(分間) 가열처리(加熱處理)를 기준으로 했을 때 대체로 수원81호가 가장 내열성(耐熱性)이 약했으며 경남 3 호, 수원38호, 수원82호, 수원62호의 순서로 내열성(耐熱性)이 강하게 나타났고 fraction별(別)로는 수원82호를 제외하고는 모두 FIV가 가장 내열성(耐熱性)이 강하게 나타났으며 대체로 FI의 내열성(耐熱性)이 약하였으며 경남 3 호의 FI은 $100^{\circ}C$ 20분간(分間) 처리(處理)에서 완전(完全)히 소실되었다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2011

Biochemical and enzymatic characterization for extracellular protease isolated from Cordyceps militaris cultivated on rice bran medium was investigated. C militaris produced proteolytic enzymes from 10 days after inoculation, maximum enzyme production was found at 25 days. The optimum temperature and pH of proteases production was at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, respectively. The protease activity was observed in the four peaks (Pro-I, Pro-II, Pro-III, and Pro-IV) separated through Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The separated protease was optimally active at $25^{\circ}C$. Optimum pH of the protease was between 7 and 8. Enzyme was also stable over at $30-80^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was highly stable in a pH range of 4-9. Protease activity was found to be slightly decreased by the addition of $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$, whereas inhibited by the addition of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Co^{2+}$ Protease activity was inhibited by protease inhibitor PMSF. On the other hand, the partially purified protease was investigated on proteolytic protease activity by zymogram gel electrophoresis using three substances (casein, gelatin and fibrin). Four active bands (F-I, FII, F-III, and F-IV) of fibrin degradation were revealed on fibrin zymogram gels. Both of F-II and FIII showed caseinolytic, fibrinolytic and gelatinolytic activities in three gels. Thermostability, pH stability, and pH-thermostability of the enzyme determined the residual fibrinolytic activity also displayed on fibrin zymogram gel. The only one enzyme (F-II) displayed over a broad range of temperature at $30-90^{\circ}C$. The FII displayed fibrinolytic activity in the pH range 3-5, but was inactivated in the range of pH 6-11. The F-I and F-III showed enzyme activity in the pH range of 6-11. In the pH-thermostability, the F-II only kept fibrinolytic activity after heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20 and 30 min at pH 3 and pH 7, respectively. On the other hand, the F-II was retained activity until heating for 10 min under pH 11 condition. By using fibrin zymogram gel electrophoresis, extracellular fibrinolytic enzyme F-II from C. militaris showed unusual thermostable under acid and neutral conditions.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.471-482
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is in identifying the attraction degree of Seonunsan Provincial Park by quantitative analysis. For this, landscape slide test was performed by questionaries. And multiple regression analysis and Factor analysis were performed far identifying the attraction degree of users. The attraction degree of natural resources was evaluated by questionaries about the landscape scene of 120 slides which was pictured at the chief visual corridor So it is considered that tourism route far attracting people into natural characteristic resources should be developed. It is identified once again that factors of $\boxdr$Naturalness$\boxul$,$\boxdr$Uniqueness$\boxul$and $\boxdr$Mysteriousness$\boxul$are important in natural landscape. And 16 explanation variables which explain the attraction degree of viewing landscape were classified as 4 factors. Those were defined as $\boxdr$Ability (FⅠ)$\boxul$, $\boxdr$Season harmony (FII)$\boxul$,$\boxdr$Simplicity (FⅢ)$\boxul$ and $\boxdr$Legibility(FⅣ)$\boxul$. It is identified that the variables of FⅠ, mysteriousness, is a representative image which expresses the characteristics of Seonunsan Provincial Park.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1997년도 총회 및 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.30-38
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• 1997

고속도로변에 설치된 retention pond는 drainage system의 일부분으로 우기에 빗물의 양을 조절하고 고속도로 노면에서 운반되어 retention pond에 유입된 오염된 입자를 침전, 제거시키기 위해 설치되었다. 빗물에 입자상태로 이동된 납, 아연, 카드뮴를 제거하기 위해 설치된 retention pond의 효과를 평가하기 위해 수리지질학적 연구 및 부유퇴적물의 물리화학적 특징을 규명하기 위한 연구가 수행되었다. 부유퇴적물과 비교하기 위해 심하게 오염된 roadside soil과 오염되지 않은 background soil에 대해서도 연구가 수행되었다. 부유퇴적물의 중금속함량은 background Sologne soil에 비해 원소에 따라 2-8배 높다. 그러나, roadside soil의 중금속함량은 부유퇴적물에 비해 7-26배 높다. Sequential extraction methods를 이용하여 분석한 결과 심하게 오염된 roadside soil에 존재하는 납, 아연, 카드뮴은 대부분 쉽게 용해될 수 있는 상태 (Fraction FII, FIII)로 존재하며 반면에 규산염광물과 수반되는 금속함량의 비율은 매우 낮다. 부유퇴적물에서는 규산염광물과 수반되는 금속함량이 전체 금속함량의 1/3까지 크게 증가한다. Roadside soil 과 부유퇴적물사이의 중금속함량 차이가 매우 큰 것은 중금속의 대부분이 retention pond에 이르기 전에 고속도로변과 배수로 일부에 축적되어 모두 상실하기 때문이다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 1999

The possibility of heavy metal pollution by contaminated roadside soils was studied under controlled conditions. The soil samples from roadside and those from a retention pond consisting of settling particles were characterized by the XRD analyses and the sequential extraction experiments. Characterization by sequential extraction, for roadside soil indicates elevate total concentrations of heavy metals. The leaching behavior of the samples under different pH and time conditions were also studied. Differences between both types of samples result mainly from the buffering effect of carbonates, present in roadside soils and lacking from settling particles. Acid leaching of the settling particles is equivalent to the sum of FI+FII+FIII, while the amounts leached from roadside soil are lower probably from kinetic reasons. The buffering effects of carbonates were found to greatly delay the onset of the leaching reactions and the extent of dissolution in most metals except for Ca and Mn. The study of leaching kinetics at pH of 6.5 and 5 showed that Cd and Zn reached the maximum possible concentration within 3 days, while Pb did not show any sign of dissolution at both ph values. The absolute amounts of dissolved Cd and Zn increased by 7 to 9 times by decreasing the pH from 6.5 to 5, indicating slightly acidified rain may result in significant metal dissolution. As deduced from both sequential extraction and leaching experiments, the relative mobility of heavy metals is found to be : Mn=Cd>Zn>>Pb>Fe, in spite of large differences in heavy metal contents and localizations.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.162-166
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• 1985

Aspergillus niger가 생산하는 섬유소 분해 효소를 Sephadex G-150, DEAE-Sephadex 및 Sephadex G-75를 통해서 세개의 C.M.C 분해 효소와 2개의 고결정형(高結晶形) 섬유소 분해능을 가진 효소인 ${\beta}-1,4-D-cellobiohydrolase$로 분리하고 기질에 대한 특이성을 연구하였다. 효소의 기질에 대한 분해 특성 및 기질의 X-선 회절결과로 ${\beta}-1,4-D-cellobiohydrolase$는 무정형 섬유소에 대한 분해력은 거의 없고 주로 결정형 섬유소에 특이성이 컸다. Cx 효소와 ${\beta}-1,4-D-cellobiohydrolase$가 동시에 작용할 때는 상승효과를 보였다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.37.1-37.8
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• 2022

Background: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis, resulting in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Objectives: In this study, the molecular characteristics of two extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing APEC isolates were compared with previously reported ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Methods: The molecular characteristics of E. coli isolates and the genetic environments of the ESBL genes were investigated using whole genome sequencing. Results: The two ESBL-producing APEC were classified into the phylogenetic groups C and B1 and ST410 and ST162, respectively. Moreover, the ESBL genes of the two isolates were harbored in different Inc plasmids. The EC1809182 strain, harboring the bla_CTX-M-55 gene on the plasmid, exhibited extensive homology to IncFIB (98.4%) and IncFIC(FII) (95.8%). The EC1809191 strain, harboring the bla_CTX-M-1 gene, was homologous to IncI1-I (Gamma) (99.3%). All chromosomes carried the multidrug transporter, mdf(A) gene. Mobile genetic elements, adjacent to CTX-M genes, facilitated the dissemination of genes in the two isolates, analogous to other ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Conclusions: This study clarifies the transmission dynamics of CTX-M genes and supports strengthened surveillance to prevent the transmission of the antimicrobial-resistant genes to humans via the food chain.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.403-424
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• 1996

Cell culture methods have been used to assess the cytotoxicity of dental materials. Different paramaters are used to monitor cytotoxic effects. But it is difficult to compare each investigator's results with different methods. The objective of this study was to investigate cytotoxic effect of several retrograde filling materials according to cell lines and assay methods. Cytotoxicity of Bestalloy (Dogmyung, Korea), Prisma APH(Densply International Inc., U.S.A.), Clearfil FII (Kuraray Co., Japan), Fuji II (GC Co., Japan), Fuji II LC (GC Co., Japan) and IRM (Densply Co., U.S.A.) on L929, 3T3 and KB permanent cell lines was measured. Radiochromium, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release method and colorimetric assays, namely neutral red (NR) and MTT were used. Each material was mixed according to the manufacturer's instruction. They were tested as solid and extracted state. Cell culture media were added to each mixed or solid materials then the solution was collected and used as extract solutions. Solid Fuji II showed mild cytotoxicity on three cell lines using radiochromium release method. There was no difference in cytotoxicity of extract solution group using radiochromium release method. In colorimetric assay immediate Fuji II group and all the IRM groups showed severe cytotoxic effect. Difference in cyctotoxicity was due to rather kinds of cell lines than assay methods. Solid Fuji II and IRM showed mild cytotoxicity on three cell lines. But extract solutions had different cytotoxic effect according to cell lines using LDH release assay. Light-cured glass ionomer had mild to moderate degree of cytotoxicity on three cell lines. Cytotoxicity was affected by specimen prepaton. Susceptibility of each cell ines were also affected by assay emthods. It was suggested that cytotoxicity study using only one cell line and/or assay method might not accurately reflect the real toxic nature of dental biomaterials.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1711-1715
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• 2017

In this study, we characterized the $bla_{NDM-5}$-bearing plasmid in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate that had lost the plasmid during serial passage. We determined the complete sequences of the plasmid pCC1410-2, which was extracted from a K. pneumoniae ST709 isolate collected at a Korean hospital from which two NDM-5-producing K. pneumoniae isolates were subsequently isolated. As a result, the pCC1410-2 plasmid had a backbone structure that was similar to those of two plasmids previously reported from the same hospital, but lacked some antibiotic resistance genes ($bla_{TEM-1}$, rmtB, mphR(A), mrx(A), and mph(A)). A 9-bp repeating unit encoding three amino acids (Gln-Gln-Pro) was inserted in TraD in pCC1410-2. Thus, the pCC1410-2 plasmid might be transferred from the previously identified carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, but some delections and inversions might have occurred during the process. We compared the transfer frequency and stability of the plasmids. The relative frequency of conjugative transfer and stability in the host were significantly lower in pCC1410-2 than in previously reported $bla_{NDM-5}$-bearing plasmids in Korea. A low transfer frequency and instability in the host may cause underestimation of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the clinical setting and in surveillance studies.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.17.1-17.13
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• 2021

Background: Klebsiella spp. is an important conditional pathogen in humans and animals. However, due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the incidence of antimicrobial resistance has increased. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance in strains of Klebsiella strains and the phylogenetic relatedness of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistance among Klebsiella strains isolated from clinically ill companion animals. Methods: A total of 336 clinical specimens were collected from animal hospitals. Identification of Klebsiella species, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations, detection of ESC resistance genes, polymerase chain reaction-based replicon typing of plasmids by conjugation, and multilocus sequence typing were performed. Results: Forty-three Klebsiella strains were isolated and, subsequently, 28 were identified as K. pneumoniae, 11 as K. oxytoca, and 4 as K. aerogenes. Eleven strains were isolated from feces, followed by 10 from ear, 7 from the nasal cavity, 6 from urine, 5 from genitals, and 4 from skin. Klebsiella isolates showed more than 40% resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and aminoglycoside. ESCresistance genes, CTX-M groups (CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15, and CTX-M-65), and AmpC (CMY-2 and DHA-1) were most common in the K. pneumoniae strains. Some K. pneumoniae carrying CTX-M or AmpC were transferred via IncFII plasmids. Two sequence types, ST709 and ST307, from K. pneumoniae were most common. Conclusions: In conclusion, this is the first report on the prevalence, ESCresistance genotypes, and sequence types of Klebsiella strains isolated from clinically ill companion animals. The combination of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance by Klebsiella in companion animals suggest that, in clinical veterinary, antibiotic selection should be made carefully and in conjunction with the disease diagnosis.