• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2010

Little data exists on metabolic syndrome (MetS) related with intake, especially for the South Korean. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for nutritional assessment in the population with MetS in South Korea. Randomly selected female participants, mean age 21.9 years (n = 38) were invited to answer the FFQ twice (FFQ1 and FFQ2) over a nine-month interval and to complete twelve-day diet records (DR) during the months between in South Korea. The correlation coefficients for nutrient intake between FFQ1 and FFQ2 varied from 0.253 (niacin) to 0.573 (cholesterol), and the energy intake-adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from 0.187 for protein to 0.662 for iron. The energy intake-adjusted and de-attenuated correlation coefficients for comparison of FFQ1 and the DRs ranged between 0.277 (vitamin $B_1$) and 0.768 (fiber), and between 0.229 (zinc) and 0.859 (fat) for comparison of DRs with FFQ2. The percentages of study subjects classified into the same quartiles in both the DRs and FFQ1 ranged from 15.8% (vitamin $B_6$) to 47.4% (calcium), and for the same quartiles in DRs and FFQ2 from 13.2% (vitamin $B_1$) to 44.7% (potassium). The FFQ has reasonably good validity and reproducibility. Further research is needed for an assessment of reproducibility and validation of present FFQ in the subjects with MetS.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Compelling evidence indicates that consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFA) is associated with a wide range of diseases. However, few validated tools for TFA intake assessment are available in Korea. We aimed to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) estimating usual intake of TFA in Korean adults. MATERIALS/METHODS: Eighty-two healthy adults completed an FFQ with a 3-day diet record (3DDR), and 58 completed a second FFQ at a 1-month interval. To assess the reproducibility of the FFQ, we compared estimated TFA intakes from each FFQ. To assess the validity, we compared estimates from the FFQ with those from the 3DDR. RESULTS: The FFQ was reproducible (Spearman r = 0.71) and provided modest correlations with the 3DDR (Spearman r = 0.38). After adjustment for total energy intake, the correlations increased (r = 0.45). Measurement-error correction also de-attenuated the correlations (r = 0.57). When quintiles of the FFQ and 3DDR were joint-classified, 9% on average were misclassified into extreme quintiles. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the developed FFQ is reproducible and reasonably valid in categorizing individuals according to TFA intakes among healthy young and middle aged adults in Korea.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2010

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) has been used as an important dietary assessment tool in epidemiologic studies, but the usefulness of the FFQ has been debated in recent years. This study was performed to evaluate the relative validities of 3-day food records and the semi-quantitative FFQ. A total of 124 subjects finished 3-day food records (FRs) during each of the four seasons, as well as the FFQ from December 2002 to May 2004. The FFQ was a food based semi-quantitative FFQ including 103 items. Three-day FRs from each season and a randomly selected season were compared with the remaining 9-day FRs. The remaining 9-day FRs, as a reference measurement, were also compared with the FFQ. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the 3-day FRs and the 9-day FRs were between 0.14 and 0.56. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the FFQ and the 9-day FRs ranged between 0.07 and 0.41. Average proportions of classification into the same quartiles, adjacent quartiles, and distant quartiles between the 3-day FRs and the 9-day FRs were 35.8%, 40.5%, and 5.2%, respectively. On average, the proportions of classification into the same quartiles, adjacent quartiles, and distant quartiles between the FFQ and the 9-day FRs were 31.1%, 39.4%, and 6.9%, respectively. Three-day FRs showed higher correlations and higher agreement proportions of quartile classification with the 9-day FRs than did the FFQ, but both relative validities of 3-day FRs and the FFQ appear to be acceptable as dietary assessment tools. Further studies for validating food intake by reliable biomarkers are necessary.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.143-155
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare dietary intake and quality obtained by food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) and 24-hour recall method among 1249 Korean adults living in rural area. The survey was conducted twice; first with 65-items FFQ by interview and then with 24-hour recall method two years later. Nutrients intake estimated from two dietary methods showed significant difference. For nutrients except fat and iron, average intake value estimated from the FFQ were significantly higher than that from the 24-hour recall method(p<0.001). Ranking of the subjects by nutrient intake levels obtained by two methods were significantly correlated, but correlation coefficients were low. Percentage of subjects in the lowest or in the highest quintile by 24-hour recalls who belong to the nearest two categories by FFQ ranged from 45% to 61%, while the percentage falling into the opposite category ranged from 7% to 15%. Subjects' percentile rank of nutrient intake by 24-hour recall correlated with their average rank of nutrient intake by FFQ. Information on food groups by two method were not comparable because of the limited number of food items in FFQ. For most nutrients, RDA% or NAR from FFQ were higher than those from 24-hour recall, but INQ from 24-hour recall were higher than those from FFQ. From the results, results of 24-hour recall method seems to be useful in classifying subjects according to their nutrient intake if sample size is large enough.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2004

Cardiovascular disease has the highest mortality rate in South Korea. Previous studies have reported that serum cholesterol level relates to intake of dietary fat and cholesterol. Therefore, in this study we developed a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Koreans with a high-risk of hypercholesterolemia and to validate the FFQ. Semiquantitative FFQ, which includes 160 food items, reflects intakes of energy, fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUPA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUPA) and cholesterol. We chose food items from the previous study of our research group (Suh 1999) which reported a nutritional status of Korean adults with normocholesterolemia, borderline and hypercholesterolemia. To validate the FFQ, we compared the results of the FFQ with those of a 3-day food record using a paired t-test. In addition, we calculated Pearson's and Spearmen's correlation coefficients. Intakes assessed by the FFQ and a 3-day food record were classified into quartile and the degree of agreement was obtained. Fifty-five participants responded for the validation study by completing both the FFQ and a 3-day food record. Pearson's correlation coefficients between estimated intakes by respective methods for energy, fat, SF A, MUPA, PUPA and cholesterol were 0.32,0.41,0.37,0.41,0.37 and 0.21, respectively. Spearman's correlation coefficients of energy, fat, SF A, MUPA, PUPA, cholesterol were 0.31, 0.44, 0.39, 0.46, 0.46, and 0.37, respectively. Nutrient densities in 1000kcal were compared. Pearson's correlation coefficient of cholesterol density increased and other values were similar with original values. The average degree of agreement was 67％ that intakes of energy, fat, SF A, MUPA, PUPA and cholesterol assessed by the FFQ and 3-day food records were classified within the same and the adjacent quartile. On the average, 8％ were misclassified into the extreme opposite quartile. The average of weighted kappa was 0.46. In conclusion, the FFQ developed in this study is considered to be a reliable tool to assess nutrient intakes for Koreans with a risk of hypercholesterolemia because the FFQ reflects the intakes of energy, fat, SFA, MUFA, PUPA, and cholesterol.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2655-2661
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• 2012

Validation of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) utilising a short-term measurement method is challenging when the reference method does not accurately reflect the usual food intake. In addition, food group intake that is not consumed on daily basis is more critical when episodically consumed foods are related and compared. To overcome these challenges, several statistical approaches have been developed to determine usual food intake distributions. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) can calculate the usual food intake by combining the frequency questions of an FFQ with the short-term food intake amount data. In this study, we applied the MSM to estimate the usual food group intake and evaluate the validity of an FFQ with a group of 333 Korean children (aged 3-6 y) who completed two 24-hour recalls (24HR) and one FFQ in 2010. After adjusting the data using the MSM procedure, the true rate of non-consumption for all food groups was less than 1% except for the beans group. The median Spearman correlation coefficients against FFQ of the mean of 2-d 24HRs data and the MSM-adjusted data were 0.20 (range: 0.11 to 0.40) and 0.35 (range: 0.14 to 0.60), respectively. The weighted kappa values against FFQ ranged from 0.08 to 0.25 for the mean of 2-d 24HRs data and from 0.10 to 0.41 for the MSM-adjusted data. For most food groups, the MSM-adjusted data showed relatively stronger correlations against FFQ than raw 2-d 24HRs data, from 0.03 (beverages) to 0.34 (mushrooms). The results of this study indicated that the application of the MSM, which was a better estimate of the usual intake, could be worth considering in FFQ validation studies among Korean children.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.2723-2729
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• 2013

Background: To investigate the internal validity of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed for use in Chinese women and to compare habitual dietary intakes between population and hospital controls measured by the FFQ. Materials and Methods: A quantitative FFQ and a short food habit questionnaire (SFHQ) were developed and adapted for cancer and nutritional studies. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed in 814 Chinese women aged 18-81 years (407 outpatients and 407 population controls) by face-to-face interview using the FFQ in Shenyang, Northeast China in 2009-2010. The Goldberg formula (ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate, EI/BMR) was used to assess the validity of the FFQ. Correlation analyses compared the SFHQ variables with those of the quantitative FFQ. Differences in dietary intakes between hospital and population controls were investigated. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using conditional logistic regression analyses. Results: The partial correlation coefficients were moderate to high (0.42 to 0.80; all p<0.05) for preserved food intake, fat consumption and tea drinking variables between the SFHQ and the FFQ. The average EI/BMR was 1.93 with 88.5% of subjects exceeding the Goldberg cut-off value of 1.35. Hospital controls were comparable to population controls in consumption of 17 measured food groups and mean daily intakes of energy and selected nutrients. Conclusions: The FFQ had reasonable validity to measure habitual dietary intakes of Chinese women. Hospital outpatients provide a satisfactory control group for food consumption and intakes of energy and nutrients measured by the FFQ in a Chinese hospital setting.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.273-280
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• 1998

This study was designed to estimate the improvement of Validity for food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) by offering multiple choice portion size in developing a questionnaire. Validity of the two methods(food frequency questionnaire I=FFQ I & Food frequency questionnaire II=FFQ II) was tested in comparison with reference method of the 7-day weighed record(7DWR). Dietary consumption data of the three methods(FFQ I, FFQ II & 7DWR) were collected from 101 female university students for the analysis. Validity was measured in two categories : One was the nutrient intake value from the three methods, the other was the identification of between individual variation within the group. Spearman's rank order correlation test and distribution graphs were used for the analysis. The result showed that individual intake value of the FFQII was closer to that of the 7DWR than that of the FFQ I.Spearman's rank order correlation between the FFQII and the 7DWR did not show any improved correlation. The distribution graphs of nutrient intake derived from both the FFQ I and the FFQII were different from that of the 7DWR. Therefore, it could be suggested that single one portion size food frequency questionnaire is an equally efficient method as a multiple choice food frequency questionnaire to be adopted in epidemiologic studies.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.106-119
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the reproducibility of food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) designed for young female nurses in the Korea Nurses' Health Study. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The reproducibility of web-based, self-administered FFQs was evaluated among 243 Korean female nurses. The first FFQ (FFQ1) was administered from March 2014 to February 2019 and the second FFQ (FFQ2) from November 2019, with a mean interval of 2.8 years between the FFQs (range, 9 months-5.6 years). Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (r values) and quartile agreements between FFQ1 and FFQ2 were calculated for intakes of energy, nutrients, and foods. RESULTS: Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.41 to 0.55 (median r = 0.51) for energy and raw nutrients and from 0.16 to 0.46 (median r = 0.36) for energy-adjusted nutrients. Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 0.72 (median r = 0.41) for food items. The percentages of women who were classified into the same or adjacent quartile were 77% to 84% (median = 82%) for raw nutrients and 69% to 86% (median = 78%) for foods. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that the web-based FFQ used in the Korea Nurses' Health Study has acceptable reproducibility.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.76-94
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• 2021

본 연구는 결혼으로 한국에 이주한 다문화여성의 영양상태를 파악할 수 있는 SQ-FFQ를 개발하고 이 조사지의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 SQ-FFQ는 결혼이주여성 대상 선행 연구, 국민건강영양조사의 SQ-FFQ 및 국민건강영양조사 결과를 고려하여 다소비, 다빈도 식품목록과 영양소별 섭취량에 대한 기여도가 높은 급원식품들을 고려하여 41개의 식품항목으로 선정하였다. 1회 섭취 분량은 0.5인분, 1인분, 1.5인분의 3개의 구간으로 나누었고 섭취빈도는 지난 1년 동안 평균적으로 얼마나 자주 먹었는지를 10개의 구간으로 분류한 SQ-FFQ를 개발하였다. 개발한 조사지의 재현성 및 타당도를 평가하기 위하여 서울과 대전 일부 지역의 건강가정·다문화가족지원센터를 방문한 35명의 결혼이주여성을 대상으로 SQ-FFQ (2회) 및 3일 식사 기록지를 조사한 후 1, 2차 반정량 식품섭취빈도 간의 영양소 섭취량 차이 및 SQ-FFQ와 3일 식사기록 간의 영양소 섭취량의 차이를 분석하였다. 1-2주간격으로 조사한 식품섭취빈도조사지의 재현성을 검토한 결과 에너지와 다량영양소 (탄수화물, 지방, 단백질)의 섭취량 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 칼슘, 칼륨의 경우 1차 조사의 평균 섭취량보다 2차 조사의 평균 섭취량이 유의적으로 약간 높았다. 1차 및 2차 조사에서 도출된 동일 영양소 섭취량 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 모든 동일 영양소 섭취량 간의 상관관계는 전반적으로 높은 상관관계를 보였다 (r = 0.453-0.885). 식품섭취빈도 조사와 3일 식사기록의 결과 비교를 통한 타당도 검증 결과, 식사 기록법보다 식품섭취빈도 조사법에서 에너지, 탄수화물, 탄수화물, 비타민 C, 티아민, 엽산, 비타민B12, 칼슘, 나트륨의 섭취량이 유의적으로 높아 식품섭취빈도법이 식사기록법보다 다소 과대 추정되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 1차 식품섭취빈도조사와 식사기록법의 상관관계는 대부분의 영양소에서 유의적으로 나타났는데, 식물성 지방이 0.602로 가장 높았고, 총 섭취 에너지, 탄수화물, 지방, 티아민의 상관계수도 0.512-0.599로 다른 영양소들에 비해 상대적으로 높았다. 반면 비타민 A와 C, 칼슘, 철, 나트륨 등의 영양소에 대해서는 유의적인 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구에서 결혼이주 다문화여성의 식생활 및 영양소 섭취실태를 파악하고자 개발된 자기기입식 SQ-FFQ는 신뢰성이 검증된 조사도구이며 에너지와 주요 영양소의 섭취 상태를 추정할 수 있는 도구로 사용하기에 적합한 것으로 사료된다. 그러나, 본 연구 결과는 최종 35명을 대상으로 분석하여 도출된 것으로 향후 대상자 수를 확대하여 적용해 볼 필요가 있다. 또한, 일부 영양소의 섭취 결과에 대한 타당성을 확보하기 위해서 조사식품 항목에 대한 조정을 고려해 보아야 할 것이며, 특히, 미량영양소의 경우 계절의 영향을 많이 받기 때문에 정성적인 조사를 병행하는 등의 보완이 필요하다. 또한 식품 및 영양소 섭취량 산출을 위한 분석 데이터베이스 구성을 위한 근거자료들이 더 확보되어야 할 것이다.