• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.213-215
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• 1994

Poultry feeding systems are likely to change for increased efficiency of production. An experiment was conducted to compare the response of broilers to choice feeding of corn with a standard broiler ration. The treatments consisted of providing broiler feed as the only feed (SINGLE FEED) and access to corn as a choice to a complete broiler feed (CHOICE FEEDING). Weights and feed consumption were obtained at weekly intervals. Samples at the conclusion of the experiment were taken to determine the weight of abdominal fat. Results showed that there was no significant difference in term of liveweight between the two feeding regimes. However, birds given a choice of the broiler feed and corn had better feed efficiency which is reflected by the lower total feed intake. Corn intake was 23.1% of total feed intake in the choice fed birds. In term of carcass colour, birds fed corn as a choice was observed to have a deeper yellow skin colour than the birds fed with broiler feed only.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2018

The impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics of an aperture-coupled microstrip line-fed patch antenna (ACMPA) with a high permittivity (${\varepsilon}_r=10$) feed substrate suitable for integration with a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) are investigated for various feed substrate thicknesses through an experiment and computer simulation. The impedance bandwidth of an ACMPA with a high permittivity feed substrate increases as the feed substrate thickness decreases. Furthermore, the front-to-back ratio of an ACMPA with a high permittivity feed substrate increases and the cross-polarization level decreases as the feed substrate thickness decreases. As the impedance bandwidth of an ACMPA with a high permittivity feed substrate increases and its radiation characteristics improve as the feed substrate thickness decreases, the ACMPA configuration becomes suitable for integration with an MMIC.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.20.1-20.5
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• 2014

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of form and particle size of feed supplemented with L-threonine on growth performance, carcass characteristic and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. The experimental design was a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two feed forms (pellet or mash), two feed particle sizes (fine or course), and two inclusion rates of dietary L-threonine (with or without) which adopted from 7 to 42 days of age. In this experiment, 360 a day old chicks in two sexes were assigned in each treatment and each experimental unit was included 15 chicks. Feed consumption and weight gain were measured weekly. At 35 days of age, blood samples were taken to analysis blood biochemical parameters. At the end of the experimental period, two birds were slaughtered in each treatment and carcass analysis was carried out. The results showed that the effect of feed form on body weight gain and feed intake in whole of experimental period was significant (P < 0.05). Broilers fed pelleted diets had more weight gain than the mash group. Growth performance parameters were not affected by feed particle size and dietary L-threonine supplementation in whole of experimental period (P > 0.05). The results of carcass analysis showed that liver and gizzard relative weights were influenced by feed form (P < 0.05). However, pancreas and liver relative weights were affected by feed particle size and dietary L-threonine supplementation, respectively (P < 0.05). Triglyceride and VLDL levels were affected by feed form and dietary L-threonine supplementation (P < 0.05). The effect of feed particle size on blood biochemical parameters was not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the experimental results indicated that feed form increased feed consumption and weight gain in whole of experimental period (1 to 42 days of age) while feed particle size and dietary L-threonine had no effect on broiler performance.

• 멤브레인
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 1996

평판형 모듈 설계의 최적화를 목적으로 feed 흐름 조건에 따른 feed 온도 및 유속분포를 예측할 수 있는 모델식을 확립하였고 모델 모사를 통해 흐름 조건들이 온도 분포에 끼치는 영향들을 조사하였다. 모델내의 유체의 Re 크기가 커지면 채널 두께방향으로의 유속 구배가 커질 뿐 아니라 투과물 증발을 위한 에너지원인 feed 흐름 속도가 커져 물질 및 열흐름이 증가하여 투과물 증발로 인한 feed 온도 강하가 증어든다. 반면에 채널 간격이 작아지면 feed 흐름량이 상대적으로 작아져 급격한 온도 강하를 야기시킨다. Re 크기에 따른 feed 온도 변화는 실험결과와 일치함이 관찰되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to study the feeding behavior and running speed under various feed deprivation lengths and social environments. Three trials were conducted. Trial 1: ten pigs were trained individually to run a course and eat their feed at the end of the course. The pigs were deprived feed for 1, 5, 10 or 20 h. Trial 2: 1. Two pigs ran and ate together. Both pigs had 5 h of feed deprivation before the run (D5). 2. Two pigs ran and ate alone, but both pigs had 5 h of feed deprivation before the run (S5). 3. Two pigs ran and ate together. Both had 1 h of feed deprivation before the run (D1). 4. Two pigs ran and ate alone and both pigs had 1 h of feed deprivation before the run (S1). 5. Two pigs ran together, one had 5 h of feed deprivation, and the other had 1 h of feed deprivation before the run (51). Trial 3: 1. On the 1st day 5 pairs of pigs had 5 h feed deprivation and could eat feed together at (B) point (D1). 2. On the 2nd day the pigs ran and ate alone at (B) point after 5 h of feed deprivation. Feed was obtainable (D2). On the 3rd to 6th days, the pigs ran in pairs after 5 h of feed deprivation and only the dominant pig ate feed at point (B). The inferior pig was chased back to room and fed there. This stage was continued for four consecutive days, d 3 to 6. In trial 1, the running speed of pigs increased with the length of feed deprivation until 10 h, then being stable afterwards. Total feeding time increased with the length of feed deprivation (p<0.001). Eating speed did not increase with the length of feed deprivation (p>0.05). In trial 2, nine of ten pigs in treatment D5 ran faster than those in S5. Seven of the ten pigs in treatment S1 ran faster than those in treatment D1. The pigs in treatment D5 had significantly higher feed intake (p<0.001) and eating speed (p<0.05) than the pigs in other treatments. In trial 3, there were significant differences on running speed between D1 and D6 (p<0.01) and between D2 and D1, D3, D4 and D5. The inferior pig ran faster in D2 but from 3 to 6 it was the dominant pig that showed the greatest speed in completing the whole course. The results demonstrated that the pigs with low feeding motivation may cause low running speed to feed and low feed intake of the neighbor when compared with pigs kept individually.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.312-316
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• 2000

Bowl-feed식 연마공정에 의한 초연마 반사경 기판의 표면 거칠기 특성이 전통적인 fresh-feed식 연마공정의 경우와 비교하여 조사하였다. Bowl-feed식 연마기법에 의해 가공된 반사경 기판의 표면 거칠기는 fresh-feed식 연마공정에 비해 약 3배 개선되었으며, 표면 거칠기 RMS값의 경우 $0.5\AA$이하, 최고 $0.3\AA$의 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 또한, 연마된 반사경 기판의 1차원 표면 거칠기 분포도와 표면 거칠기 amplitude spectrum으로부터 fresh-feed 공정에 대한 bowl-feed 연마공정의 기판표면구조 변화상태가 분석되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권9호
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• pp.1407-1414
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• 2014

쌀가루, 고아밀로오스 전분, 분리대두단백, 설탕 및 소금을 첨가하여 feed 수분함량 19~23%, screw speed 200~400 rpm, feed rate 43.6 kg/hr 조건에서 제조한 쌀 스낵의 이화학적 특성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 쌀 스낵의 bulk density는 0.06~0.21, apparent density는 0.55~0.65 정도로 나타났고, feed 수분함량이 많을수록, screw 속도가 감소할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 쌀 스낵의 팽화율은 density와는 반대로 feed 수분함량이 낮을수록, screw 속도가 증가할수록 증가하였다. 쌀 스낵의 WAI는 feed 수분함량이 많을수록, screw 속도가 감소할수록 증가한 반면, WSI는 WAI와는 반대의 경향을 나타냈다. 쌀 스낵의 breaking strength는 feed 수분함량이 증가할수록, screw 속도가 감소할수록 증가하였다. 쌀 스낵의 색도 중 L값은 feed 수분함량 19%, 21%에서는 screw 속도가 증가할수록 L값은 낮았으나, feed 수분함량 23%에서는 screw 속도에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었다. a, b값은 feed 수분함량 19%에서는 screw 속도가 증가함에 따라 높아졌다. 쌀 스낵의 x-ray 회절도는 feed 수분함량이 낮을수록, screw 속도가 높을수록 회절강도가 낮게 나타났고, feed 수분함량 19%, 21%, screw 속도 300 및 400 rpm에서는 V 도형의 특징을 나타냈다. 쌀 스낵의 내부 단면구조는 feed 수분함량이 많을수록, screw 속도가 낮을수록 기공의 생성이 잘 되지 않았고 세포벽이 두껍게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.396-401
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• 2006

A total of 72 castrated, crossbred ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) piglets ($5.7{\pm}0.7kg$ BW) were allotted to one of three treatments including: a dry crumbled feed fed for 40 days; liquid feed provided for 10 days followed by dry crumbled feed for 30 days; and liquid feed provided for 20 days followed by dry crumbled feed for 20 days. Liquid feed was produced fresh each day by mixing water with dry crumbled feed at a ratio of 3:1. Pigs fed liquid feed for 10 days had a higher weight gain during the first 10 days (+16.8%; p = 0.01) and over the entire experimental period (+4.9%; p = 0.07) than pigs offered dry feed. Pigs fed liquid feed for 20 days also had a higher weight gain during the period from d 0 to 10 (+12.8%; p = 0.01), from d 10 to 20 (+8.5%; p = 0.06) and from d 0 to 20 (+9.7%; p = 0.01) than pigs offered dry feed. Pigs fed liquid feed for the first 10 days had higher feed intakes from d 0 to 10 (+22.6%; p = 0.01) and from d 0 to 40 (+5.3%; p = 0.02) than pigs offered dry feed. Pigs fed liquid feed for the first 20 days had a higher feed intake from d 0 to 10 (+21.8%; p = 0.01), from d 10 to 20 (+10.6%; p = 0.06), from d 0 to 20 (+14.6%; p = 0.01) and from d 0 to 40 (+6.6%; p = 0.02) than pigs offered dry feed. Feed conversion from d 0 to 40 tended to be poorer for pigs fed liquid feed during the first 20 days (p = 0.08) indicating an increase in feed wastage with liquid feeding. Nutrient digestibility at day 10 was unaffected by dietary treatment. However, at day 30, pigs fed liquid feed for 10 days had higher digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.08), energy (p = 0.10), crude protein (p = 0.03) and neutral detergent fibre (p = 0.05) than pigs fed liquid feed for 20 days. In conclusion, liquid feeding for 10 or 20 days increased the performance of weaned pigs during the specific time period that liquid feeding occurred but there were no carry over effects into subsequent production periods.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1070-1077
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• 2021

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate fasting time prior to slaughter for broilers in floor-feed and scatter-feed mode. Methods: On 21 d since hatching, 120 Arbor Acres broilers were divided into floor-feed and scatter-feed groups, chicks from each group were further assigned to feed withdrawal treatments for 0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h. Some resultant indicators such as carcass contamination, body weight loss, meat quality of 54-day-old broilers were measured. Results: It appears that longer feed withdrawal increased weight loss, lightness, drop loss of meat but reduced pH. A significant higher weight loss and lightness for both floor-feed and scatter-feed chicks coincided after 6 to 10 h feed withdrawal (p<0.05). pH for breast muscle at 45 min postmortem reduced when chicks of scatter-feed were fasted 6 and 10 h, while the reduction of floor-feed group occurred only in 10 h (p<0.05). A noticeable effect of feed withdrawal on drop loss occurred after 10 h fasting in scatter-feed of which drop loss were significantly higher than that for other groups including control (p<0.05). The change of contamination propensity revealed that 6 to 10 h fasting significantly reduced the likelihood of carcass contamination under both floor-feed and scatter-feed (p<0.05). Net weights of intestinal contents for gizzard were significantly reduced after feed deprived for 10 h in floor-feed and 6 and 10 h in scatter-feed (p<0.05). The decrease for whole intestine occurred after floor-feed broilers have been without feed for more than 4 h, scatter-feed broilers for more than 8 h (p<0.05). Conclusion: On the premise that poultry product properties and welfare were not significantly damaged, proper fasting time could reduce carcass contamination. Current data implied that 6 h fasting was recommendable for both floor and scatter feed pre-slaughter broilers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1236-1245
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• 2024

Objective: The object of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) in broiler diets on growth performance, blood indicators, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. Methods: A total of 180 Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into three treatments, each treatment with six replicates and 10 broilers per replicate for a 42-day feeding trial. The control group (CON) was fed corn-soybean meal based diet. The CAP-1 and CAP-2 groups were considered to use CAP to replace 25% or 50% of soybean meal in the diet, respectively. The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers at 1 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d, and 1 to 42 d were measured, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. At the 42nd day of age, two broilers with similar weights and fasted for 12 h were selected in each replicate for blood collection from the brachial wing vein. The blood routine indicators, serum biochemical indicators, serum antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broiler chickens were measured. Results: Replacement of soybean meal with 25% (CAP-1) and 50% (CAP-2) CAP significantly increased the average daily gain of 22 to 42 d and 1 to 42 d and decreased the average daily feed intake and feed conversion rate (p<0.05). The CAP-1 group, and CAP-2 group significantly increased hemoglobulin in the blood of broilers, while the CAP-2 group increased hematocrit content (p<0.05). Compared with the control group, the contents of superoxide dismutase and immunoglobulin A in serum of the CAP-2 group were significantly increased, while the contents of malondialdehyde in CAP group were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Replacing soybean meal with CAP led to significant improvements in the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunoglobulin content of broilers.