• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2011

Purpose: Facial contouring surgery for improving congenital, acquired deformity and senile change were attempt in past. Recently contouring surgery became more interested subject for improving the flat forehead and temple area. Many synthetic materials were used such as Collagen, silicon, polyacrylamide gel as liquid form and Gore-tex, silicon implant, endotine as solid form. But, these synthetic implants associate complications as foreign body reaction, infection, displacement, granuloma formation and absorption. Auto-fat injection are used for disfigurement of many part of body. We did auto-fat injection for facial contouring of forehead and temple region. Auto-fat injection is suitable without foreign body reaction, displacement, and toxic reaction. Also auto-fat is relatively simple to obtain from patient and less expensive and able to repeat surgeries. Methods: From 2006 to 2009, 150 patients were treated with Auto-fat injection for facial contouring. For follow up, we sent questionnaire to all patients but 110 patients returned answer sheets. The patients consisted of 20 male patients and 90 female patients with an age ranged from 26 to 60, and the mean 43. Fat tissue were injected 6-8 cc in forehead, 7-12 cc in temple area and fat were harvested from thigh and abdomen. Results: In follow up, all patients, showed absorption of injected fat varied degree and except two patients all patients underwent secondary fat injection. Complications were minimal and neuropraxia of facial nerve were recovered. Most of the patients were satisfied with result of procedure, and answered that they recommend same procedure to their friends and will do surgery again. Conclusion: Auto-fat injections were implemented for facial contouring in 150 patients and obtained satisfactory result. Auto-fat injection is relatively easy procedure and applicable widely. Even though, by passing time, some of the injected fats are absorbed, auto-fat injection could be choice of treatment for contouring forehead and temple. With accumulations of cases and development of surgical technique, better result could be expected.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2016

Objectives The waist circumference has been known as an obesity index reflecting the visceral fat. This study was conducted to investigate the obesity index of what can be predicted visceral fat obesity. Methods 121 test subjects who have $BMI{\geq}30$ or BMI 27~29.9 with having more than one high blood pressure, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were gathered in the Gachon University Korean medical hospital. The relationship between obesity index, the abdominal fat area, and the metabolic syndrome component analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The obesity indices, that are largely used in clinics such as waist circumference (WC), HC (hip circumference), body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR). Total fat area (TFA), visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous area (SFA) and visceral fat/subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR) that was measured from CT. Results 1. Total fat area (TFA) was positively correlated WC, BMI, HC. 2. The subcutaneous fat area (SFA) was positively correlated HC, WC, BMI. 3. The visceral fat area (VFA) did not show a strong correlation with obesity indicators. Conclusions It was found indices of obesity and visceral fat area is a high correlation. BMI, WC was the obesity index showed a high correlation as the SFA, TFA.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.481-486
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• 2013

This study evaluates the effects of fat contents on the thermal resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, and Caco-2 cell invasion of Listeria monocytogenes. Ten strain mixture of L. monocytogenes in milk (0, 1, and 4% fat) and pork sausage patties (10, 20, and 30% fat) were exposed to $63^{\circ}C$. To evaluate effects of fat on the antibiotic sensitivity of L. monocytogenes, the L. monocytogenes strains NCCP10811 (most antibiotic resistant to streptomycin) and NCCP10943 (most antibiotic sensitive to streptomycin) were exposed to different fat contents in milk and pork sausage patties, and L. monocytogenes from the foods were used for antibiotic sensitivity assays. The most invasive L. monocytogenes strains (NCCP10943) was exposed to different fat contents in milk or pork sausage patties, and L. monocytogenes from the foods were used for the Caco-2 cell invasion assays. The reductions of L. monocytogenes populations were not generally influenced by fat contents. The L. monocytogenes subjected to milk fat had increased sensitivities (p<0.05) due to some antibiotics. In addition, Caco-2 cell invasion efficiency of L. monocytogenes NCCP10943 increased (p<0.05) as fat contents increased. These results indicated that higher fat contents may be related to L. monocytogenes invasions and heat resistances in pork sausage patties, but the relationship between fat and antibiotic sensitivity varied according to antibiotics, strains, and fat contents.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2007

Purpose: Platelet-rich plasma(PRP) contains protein growth factors, which are actively secreted by platelets to promote wound healing. However, it is not clear whether the injection of PRP into the autologous fat grafts increases the survival rate and the degree of angiogenesis. Methods: New Zealand White rabbit ears were injected fat with PRP, saline, insulin or isoproterenol (n=8/each group) for observation of the survival and degree of angiogenesis of the injected fat. The volume of the harvested fat and the degree of angiogenesis from dorsum of rabbit ears were evaluated 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the autologous fat graft. The degree of angiogenesis was measured with microvascular density (MVD) counts. Results: The volume of harvested fat decreased in a time-dependent manner after autologous fat grafts, but the decrease rate in volume of harvested fat was slower in PRP-injected group compared to that of other control groups. The difference in the volume of the harvested fat between PRP-injected group and other control groups became significant from 4 weeks after the autologous fat graft, and was maintained up to 12 weeks. However, there was no significant difference between PRP-injected group and insulin-injected group 8 and 12 weeks after the autologous fat graft. On the contrary, MVD counts increased in a time-dependent manner after autologous fat grafts. The MVD counts were significantly higher in PRP-and insulin-injected groups than in other control groups from 4 weeks after the autologous fat graft, and these differences were maintained up to 12 weeks. There was no correlation between mean platelet numbers and the volume of harvested fat. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that PRP-injection into autologous fat grafts increases the survival rate and the degree of angiogenesis. Thus, PRP injection with autologous fat grafts would be a promising tool for maintaining the volume of the grafted fat.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.14B no.6
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• pp.431-436
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• 2007

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) has chemical shift phenomenon between fat and water, and the phenomenon has influence on structure enclosed by fat. Strong signals emitted from fat often generate false artefact, which reflects the importance of fat suppression techniques. There have been a number of researches on fat suppression techniques, but using fat suppression method alone in MRI can cause difficultproblems in diagnosis. This paper aims to study a fat suppression method by Chemical Shift Selective saturation(CHESS). This research describes the theoretical background and the experiment on water and fat phantom with MR instruments. In the experiment, CHESS pulse was designed by utilising Matlap program, and the pulse diagram was generated for the Pre-saturation process. The experiment using water and fat phantom was applied to C-spine, L-spine and Breast, and produced successful fat suppression results. This experiment has proved that the CHESSpulse fat suppression is a very helpful technique in diagnosing medical imaging. This method is a robust and useful technique for both clinical and basic investigators..(Experiment with Chungnam national university hospital G.E 1.5T MR)

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.258-264
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate emulsion mapping between emulsion stability and cooking yields, apparent viscosity, and hardness of reduced-fat pork emulsion systems. The reduced-fat emulsion systems were supplemented with different lipid types and brown rice bran fiber (BRF) concentrations. Compared to the control with 30% back fat, lower emulsion stability and higher cooking yield of meat emulsion systems were observed in T1 (30% back fat+1% BRF), T2 (30% back fat+2% BRF), T3 (30% back fat+3% BRF), T4 (30% back fat+6% BRF), and T15 (10% back fat+10% canola oil+2% BRF). Lower emulsion stability and higher apparent viscosity were observed in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T8 (20% back fat+3% BRF) compared to the control. Lower emulsion stability and higher hardness was detected in all treatments compared with the control, except T5 (20% back fat), T10 (10% back fat+10% canola oil+2% BRF), T11 (10% back fat+10% olive oil+2% BRF), T12 (10% back fat+10% grape seed oil+2% BRF), and T13 (10% back fat+10% soybean oil+2% BRF). This approach has been found particularly useful for highlighting differences among the emulsified properties in emulsion meat products. Thus, the results obtained with emulsion mapping are useful in making emulsified meat products of desired quality characteristics, partially replacing pork back fat with a mix of 10% back fat, 10% canola oil and 2% BRF was most similar to the control with 30% pork back fat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 1971

For the measurement on the fat content if University Students, an intensive examination was conducted on a total of 3,030 students(male 2,577, female 453), from 16 to 25 years of age. The subjects were all students who had passed the written entrance examination for Seoul National University. Total Body Fat amount was measurement by skin-fold thickness with a skin-fold caliper(Manufactured by Cambridge Scientific Industrial Inc. U.S.A.) at four sites of the body, and it was calculated by Kim's and Lee's regression equation. As a result of this survey, the following conclusions were obtained; 1. Physical Measurements: i) The average of body height by anthropometric was male $167.95{\pm}4.85cm$ and female $156.03{\pm}4.56cm$. ii) The average body weight by anthropometric was male $56.42{\pm}5.65kg$ and female $51.29{\pm}5.34kg$. iii) The average of chest-girth by anthropometric was male $89.95{\pm}5.33cm$ and female $81.36{\pm}4.89cm$. iv) The average of sitting-height by anthropometric was male $91.23{\pm}4.98cm$ and female $86.18{\pm}4.15cm$. v) The average of arm circumference by anthropometric was male $23.76{\pm}2.17cm$ and female $22.39{\pm}1.79cm$. In all cases the male measurements were higher than the female. 2. The mean skin-fold thickness measured with a large skin-fold caliper was; At the sub-scapular: male $11.54{\pm}4.84mm$ and female $14.07{\pm}4.49mm$, Abdominal: male $10.36{\pm}7.09mm$ and female $14.95{\pm}5.47mm$, Lumbar; male $12.55{\pm}6.44mm$ and female $17.02{\pm}6.57mm$, Upper arm: male $6.28{\pm}3.71mm$ and female $11.62{\pm}3.99mm$, Total average: male $10.18{\pm}5.52mm$ and female $14.41{\pm}5.13mm$, in all cases the female measurements were higher than the male. 3. Data on body fat amounts according to body fat weight regression equation were: in male: Fat weight=10.56kg, Fat free weight=45.86kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=18.71%, (Body fat amount %), Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=23.02%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=81.29%. in female: Fat weight=12.23kg, Fat free weight=39.06kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=23.85%, Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=31.31%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=76.15%. The females value was higher than the males.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 2011

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) models must be validated against a reference method in a representative population sample before they can be accepted as accurate and applicable. The purpose of this study was to compare the eight-electrode BIA method with DEXA as a reference method in the assessment of body composition in Korean adults and to investigate the predictive accuracy and applicability of the eight-electrode BIA model. A total of 174 apparently healthy adults participated. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. FM, %fat, and FFM were estimated by an eight-electrode BIA model and were measured by DEXA. Correlations between BIA_%fat and DEXA_%fat were 0.956 for men and 0.960 for women with a total error of 2.1%fat in men and 2.3%fat in women. The mean difference between BIA_%fat and DEXA_%fat was small but significant (P < 0.05), which resulted in an overestimation of $1.2{\pm}2.2$%fat (95% CI: -3.2-6.2%fat) in men and an underestimation of $-2.0{\pm}2.4$%fat (95% CI: -2.3-7.1%fat) in women. In the Bland-Altman analysis, the %fat of 86.3% of men was accurately estimated and the %fat of 66.0% of women was accurately estimated to within 3.5%fat. The BIA had good agreement for prediction of %fat in Korean adults. However, the eight-electrode BIA had small, but systemic, errors of %fat in the predictive accuracy for individual estimation. The total errors led to an overestimation of %fat in lean men and an underestimation of %fat in obese women.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2006

This study was made for male and female university students regarding the nutrition knowledge about fat, fat contents in food, and practice toward fat. The result is as follows;1.Out of 13 questions inquiring the knowledge about fat a significant difference was observed between female and male students in 10 questions. Male students' nutrition knowledge about fat was $6.33{\pm}0.16$, and that of female students' was $6.33{\pm}0.16$ and there was no significant difference. The ratio of correct answer was 49% and 59% respectively. Female students marked high ratio of correct answer such items as ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid, the relation between high fat diet and atherosclerosis(coronary disease), the relation between obesity and fat, the relation between ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid and heart disease, cholesterol, fatty acid in butter, degree of unsaturation in liquid oil, margarine, chicken fat, rancity of fat. 2.Male students' total score of knowledge about fat quantity in food was $4.91{\pm}0.10$ and that of female students was $5.58{\pm}0.10$. There was significant difference(p<0.001) and the ratio of correct answer was 55% and 62% respectively. Out of 9 food items, significant difference was observed in 7 items according to student's majoring subject. The ratio of correct answer for the questions about the quantity of fat in food female showed high figures in such items as white meat(p<0.01), whole milk(p<0.0001), skim milk(p<0.01), potato chips(p<0.001), biscuit(p<0.001). However, male students showed high figures on the question about the quantity of fat in vegetable margarine. 3. Out of 12 items observing the degree of diet practice on fat, significant difference was observed between male and female students in 6 items. Female students practice the question items positively with high ratio: intake of fish instead of meat(p<0.01), removing visible fat in meat(p<0.0001), removing chicken skin(p<0.0001), removing oil during cooking (p<0.05), selection of low fat milk or skim milk(p<0.05), selection of meat part(p<0.001). There was significant difference between male and female students in practicing diet on fat (p<0.001) and the total score was $31.52{\pm}0.52$ and $34.65{\pm}0.41$ respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2020

Horse fat is known to be an effective ingredient in Asia, and the horse fat itself, which is mixed with other ingredients at the additive level, is often sold as a finished product. In this case, physical properties of the horse fat raw material are important. Many horse fats produced in Korea (Jeju) have low temperature stability, so if not stored at low temperatures, segregation may occur. In the case of Japanese horse fat, it is partially hydrogenated or is used the solid phase as the horse fat by separating the liquid phase and the solid phase that is harder and more stable than the horse fat of Jeju. In this study, the physical properties were tested to improve the temperature stability even without the partial hydrogenation process of Jeju horse fat. Various oil gelling agents were used in the study. Results confirmed that the physical properties of the hydroxystearic acid added Jeju horse fat were improved. In addition, stability evaluations at temperatures of 25 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ and flow behavior evaluations at temperatures of 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃ were performed for Jeju horse fat with hydroxystearic acid, 100% Jeju horse fat, and 100% Japanese horse fat. Results showed that the Jeju horse fat improved in flow behavior by adding hydroxystearic acid similar to that of Japanese horse fat. In addition, when the crystal state was observed under a microscope, the thermal stability was improved by decreasing the size of the needle-type crystals with the addition of hydroxystearic acid. Jeju horse fat containing hydroxystearic acid was found to have no physical problems even when stored at room temperature for a long time.