• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.480-485
• /
• 2004

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) technology was evaluated as a monitoring tool for quantification of Nocardia amarae causing a nuisance foaming problem in activated sludge process. The identified signature peak was 19:1 alcohol as a reliable unique peak to N. amarae. Chemostat study revealed that the distribution and quantity of fatty acid peaks were dependent on the growth stage of Nocardia. The FAME results were similar for two relatively high dilution rates; however, the amounts of signature peaks extracted from the 4 and 6 day cultures were significantly higher. This dependence of signature peaks on the physiological state of the organism may be a useful information to assess the health of microbial populations in activated sludge. A laboratory scale batch foaming potential experiment provided a critical foaming level depending on Nocardia population. This critical Nocardia level determined in this study was in terms of either the threshold filament intersections number or the threshold signature FAME amount. The threshold peak area of signature FAME (19:1 alcohol) and corresponding filament counts were 430PA/mg VSS and $1.45{\times}10^6$ intersections/g VSS, respectively. The threshold signature FAME level could be effectively applied as a criterion for diagnosing foam occurrence in activated sludge system.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2014

Because food crops serve as the raw materials for biodiesel, the increasing use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel can lead to adverse effects such as food price inflation and may contribute to global starvation. To solve these problems, efforts are being made to explore various nonedible raw materials for producing biodiesel. Different raw materials impart different fuel characteristics to biodiesel. In this study, we synthesized pure fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), which is a biodiesel component, and then analyzed its fuel properties. The fuel properties of pure FAME would be useful in producing biodiesel from various new raw materials.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.483-489
• /
• 2010

Biodiesel has attracted great attention as an alternative renewable energy source for the replacement of petroleumbased diesel fuel, yet its high production cost due to expensive oil feedstock remainsas the major economical obstacle. In this study, we investigated catalysts and reaction conditions for the acid catalyzed pre-conversion of free fatty acid (FFA) to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in cheap low-grade oils of high acid value. The NaOH base catalyzed reaction of vegetable oil of the initial acid value of 2 mg KOH/g led to a high FAME conversion above 95.4%, but the conversion abruptly decreased at higher initial acid values. This base catalyzed reaction was practically ineffective displaying the FAME conversion below 15% even at the initial acid value of 10 mg KOH/g by the severe saponification side reaction. Among the various catalysts studied for the pre-conversion of FFA to FAME, Amberlyst-15 was the most effective in reducing the acid value, and the optimum reaction condition identified was $65^{\circ}C$ with oil to methanol ratio of 1:3 and catalyst concentration of 15% (w/w). As the results, great enhancements in the overall biodiesel conversion were achievable via a consecutive reaction of the acid catalyzed FFA pre-conversion to FAME under the optimal condition obtained with Amberlyst-15 followed by the NaOH base catalyzed reaction, far above the extent which was obtainable by the single NaOH catalyzed reaction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2002

A bacterial consortium capable of utilizing a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been isolated from a former manufactured gas plant site. The consortium consisted of four members including Arthrobacter sp., Burkholderia sp., Ochrobacterium sp., and Alcaligenes sp., which were identified and characterized by the patterns of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME analysis) and carbon source utilization (BIOLOG system). With the individual members, the biodegradation characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons depending on different growth substrates were determined. FAME analyses demonstrated that microbial fatty acid profiles changed to significant extents in response to different carbon sources, and hence, such shift profiles may be informative to characterize the biodegradation potential of a bacterium or microbial community.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.231-238
• /
• 2009

Characteristics of the transesterification reaction between triglycerides in soy bean oil and methanol were investigated in the presence of acid catalysts. such as sulfuric acid and PTS (p-toluene sulfonic acid). Concentrations of diglyceride and monoglyceride which were intermediates in the reaction mixtures, were far below 10% of triglyceride under any reaction conditions. Thus, conversion of the reaction could be determined from the concentration of triglyceride. Dried PTS had more superior catalytic power than sulfuric acid for transesterification reaction between soy bean oil and methanol. When transesterification reaction of soy bean oil was catalyzed by 1 wt% of PTS at methanol stoichiometric mole ratio of 2 and $65^{\circ}C$, final conversion reached 95% within 48 hours. If FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) was added into reaction mixture of soy bean oil, methanol and PTS catalyst, it converted reaction mixture into homogeneous phase, and substantially increased reaction rate. When reaction mixture was freely boiling which had equal volumetric amount of FAME to soy bean oil, methanol stoichiometric mole ratio of 2 and 1 wt% of PTS, final conversion achieved value of 94% and temperature approached to $110^{\circ}C$ within 2 hours.

• 한국생산제조학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2013

In this paper, we analysed fatty acid methyl ester contents in the biodiesel which is produced from the newly developed biodiesel production equipment. The lard oil was used as the raw material through various experimental conditions. Thirty one experiments were conducted, which were based on the experimental conditions that designed by central composite design method. The effects of four independent variables, including reaction temperature, reaction time, oil to methanol molar ratio, and catalytic amount, were investigated at five levels using central composite design (CCD). Fatty acid methyl ester content was chosen dependent variable. Although the results of analysis of the surface with an irregular surface geometry showed that the biodiesel was partially impure after the reaction due to the natural characteristics of the lard oil as the raw material, we could confirm the relationship between them from the facts that the production amount of fatty acid methyl ester changes according to reaction temperature, reaction time, oil to methanol molar ratio, and catalytic amount.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2010

카놀라유, 대두유, 자트로파유와 메탄올을 연속적으로 분리막 반응기에 순환시켜 바이오디젤을 제조하였다. 분리막은 반응기 역할과 반응 생성물로부터 미반응된 유지를 분리하여 고순도의 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)를 생산하는 역할을 한다. 공칭 세공크기 0.2, 0.5 ${\mu}m$인 정밀여과형 세라믹 관형 분리막을 사용하였다. 운전압력 0.5 bar에서 0.2 ${\mu}m$ 정밀여과막에 대한 투과유속은 공급유량 400 mL/min일 경우 15 L/$m^2{\cdot}hr$이었다. 또한 투과액중 FAME 함량은 0.5 bar에서 가장 높았으며 운전압력이 증가할수록 감소하였다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.174-181
• /
• 2017

Bio-liquid is a liquid by-product of the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) reaction, converting wet biomass into solid hydrochar, bio-liquid, and bio-gas. Since bio-liquid contains various compounds, it requires efficient sampling method to extract the target compounds from bio-liquid. In this research, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in bio-liquid was extracted based on hollow fiber supported liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and determined by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The well-known major components of biodiesel, including methyl myristate, palmitate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate had been selected as standard materials for FAME analysis using HF-LPME. Physicochemical properties of bio-liquid was measured that the acidity was 3.30 (${\pm}0.01$) and the moisture content was 100.84 (${\pm}3.02$)%. The optimization of HF-LPME method had been investigated by varying the experimental parameters such as extraction solvent, extraction time, stirring speed, and the length of HF at the fixed concentration of NaCl salt. As a result, optimal conditions of HF-LPME for FAMEs were; n-octanol for extraction solvent, 30 min for extraction time, 1200 rpm for stirring speed, 20 mm for the HF length, and 0.5 w/v% for the concentration of NaCl. Validation of HF-LPME was performed with limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), dynamic range, reproducibility, and recovery. The results obtained from this study indicated that HF-LPME was suitable for the preconcentration method and the quantitative analysis to characterize FAMEs in bio-liquid generated from food waste via HTC reaction.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.717-726
• /
• 2017

항공유에 fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)가 혼합될 경우 연료 공급시스템과 항공기 엔진에 치명적인 고장의 원인이 될 수 있기 때문에 항공유 품질규격에서 FAME 함량을 50 mg/kg 이하로 규정하고 있다. 무수히 많은 탄화수소로 구성된 항공유 중의 FAME 성분을 선택적으로 분석하기 어렵기 때문에 본 연구에서는 MDGC-MS를 사용한 새로운 시험방법을 개발하였다. Deans switching 시스템이 설치된 MDGC-MS를 이용하면 코코넛 오일이나 팜유 유래의 저분자량 FAME 성분도 분석이 가능함을 확인하였다. 개발된 시험방법은 FAME 피크의 머무름 시간을 약간 뒤로 이동시키는 매질 효과(matrix effect)를 현행의 기준 시험방법(IP 585)보다 약 20배 이하로 감소시킬 수 있었다. MDGC-MS는 항공유에 미량의 FAME가 오염되었는지 여부를 정성 및 정량적으로 확인할 수 있는 시험방법으로 적합하였다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.284-290
• /
• 2007

대두유로부터 생산된 바이오디젤과 바이오디젤 혼합 연료유를 대상으로 산화 특성과 지방산메틸에스터 함량 등 화학적 분석을 수행하여 자동차용 연료로서의 품질특성을 파악하였다. 대두유로부터 생산된 바이오디젤은 불포화 지방산인 oleic acid, linoleic acid 및 linolenic acid가 85 wt% 이상 함유되어 있었다. 특히 활성 메틸렌기를 함유한 다불포화 지방산인 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid가 60 wt% 이상 함유되어 있어 상대적으로 자동산화가 쉽게 일어나는 것으로 판단된다. 산화반응시 주요 반응물질은 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid였으며, 이들의 라디칼 자동산화에 의해서 비점이 약 $500^{\circ}C$ 전 후에 있는 탄소수 36 전 후의 고분자 물질이 형성되는 것을 확인하였다