• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제2권
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• pp.49-61
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• 1962

1. 경과습성 1) 수원지방에 있어서 뽕나무 순집이혹파리(Diplosis mori Yokoyama)는 5세대를 마친다. 제 1세대는 6월 하순경 제 2세대는 9월 하순경에 출현한다. 2) 성충은 오후 7~8시경에 출현하며 그 수명은 2~5일이며 ♀(자)가 ♂(웅)보다 약간 긴 듯하다. 3) 유충은 제 2~제 3 탁엽 AB 내면과 제 2~제 3 미개엽 이면에 기생한다. 따라서 생장점 부근에 피해를 준다. 4) 변태별 기간은 기상조건에 따라서 차가 심하며 특히 용은 한발시는 우화하지 못한다. 5) 유충부화시는 유백색이지만 등홍색으로 변하여 고숙하며 고숙유충은 15~20cm의 도요능력을 가지고 토중 15~30cm에 잠입화용한다. 그 크기는 0.3mm로부터 2.0mm 내외까지 발육한다. 6) 용기간은 하계는 7~8일 내외이며 조잡한 견에 쌓여있다. 7) 월동상태는 원칙적으로 용태월동을 하나 때에 따라서 유충월동도 있다. 2. 방제법 1) B.H.C. 분제 토양살포는 고숙유충이 입토 4~5일 후나 우화하기 전에 반당 2%액 400~600$\ell$(20~30두) 이상을 시용함이 효과적이라고 생각된다. 2) 매몰시험에 있어서는 심도 5cm 이상이면 성충우화를 방지할 수 있다고 인정된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.391-396
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• 2005

재래돼지 수컷과 랜드레이스 암컷을 교배하여 생산된 $F_1$ 182두의 등지방 두께(<11.80mm, $11.80\~25.01mm$, 25.01mm<)에 따른 돼지의 도체 특성, 이화학적 특성 및 지방산 조성을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 등지방 두께가 25.01mm<그룹이 <11.80mm와 $11.80\~25.01mm$ 그룹에 비해 생체중, 도체중 및 지육률은 높았지만, 최종 등급은 낮았다. 등지방 두께가 25.01mm< 그룹이 <11.80mm와 $11.80\~25.01mm$그룹에 비해 pH가 높았고, 전단가는 가장 낮았다. 등지방 두께에 따른 수분, 조지방 함량 및 가열 감량은 차이가 없었다. 등지방 두께가 25.01m<그룹이 <11.80mm와 $11.80\~25.01mm$ 그룹에 비해 경도가 높았다. 등지방 두께가 25.01mm< 그룹이 <11.80mm와 $11.80\~25.01mm$ 그룹의 육 및 지방색의 황색도$(b^*)$는 낮았다. 등지방 두께가 25.01mm< 그룹이 <11.80mm와 $11.80\~25.01mm$ 그룹에 비해 stearic acid와 saturated fatty acid 함량이 높았지만 linoleic acid와 unsaturated fatty acid 함량은 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면, 등지방 두께에 따라 최종 등급, 황색도$(b^*)$ 및 지방산 조성에서 차이를 보였지만, 등지방 두께가 25.01mm< 그룹은 전단가가 낮고 pH가 높아 돈육의 품질 특성이 양호한 것으로 나타났다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.436-442
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• 2009

목적: 본 연구는 갈색세포종의 수술 전 초기 진단에서 MIBG 스캔이 생화학적 검사나 해부학적 영상, 각각의 진단방법과 이 두 가지 진단 방법을 함께 이용한 경우와 비교해서 어떠한 진단적 가치를 가질 수 있는지 평가하기 위해 진행되었다. 대상및방법: 환자군은 2004년 4월부터 2008년 4월까지 임상적으로 갈색세포종이 의심되어 본원에 내원한 총 22명의 환자(남:여=13:9, 평균나이: $44.3{\pm}\;19.3$세)를 대상으로 하였고, 환자들은 진단을 위해 생화학적 검사(24 시간 뇨의 VMA, 메타네프린, 뇨와 혈장의 에피네프린, 노르에피네프린)와 해부학적 영상검사(CT 또는 MRI), I-123/I-131 MIBG 스캔을 모두 시행하고 조직학적으로 최종 확진이 이루어졌다. 결과: 각각의 진단방법에 대한 예민도, 특이도, 양성예측율, 음성예측율, 정확도를 구하여 그 수치를 비교하였는데 결과적으로 생화학적 검사는 88.9%, 69.2%, 66.7%, 90.0%, 77.3%, 해부학적 영상은 55.6%, 69.2%, 55.6%, 69.2%, 63.6%로 나타났으며, 위의 두 검사를 함께 사용한 경우에는 88.9%, 61.5%, 50.0%, 83.3%, 59.1% 이었다. 이에 비해 I-123/I-131 MIBG스캔을 단독으로 사용한 경우는 88.9%, 92.3%, 88.9%, 92.3 %, 90.9%로 나와서 생화학적 검사와 해부학적 영상을 각각 이용한 경우의 결과와 비교하여 전반적으로 수치가 높았고, 두 가지 검사를 함께 사용한 경우와 비교해서도 특이도, 양성예측율, 음성예측율, 정확도는 높고 예민도는 같은 결과를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 따라서 갈색세포종의 수술 전 초기진단에 있어서 생화학적 검사나 해부학적 영상뿐만 아니라 MIBG 스캔도 단일 검사로써 충분히 유용한 진단적 가치를 가질 것으로 기대되며, MIBG의 기능적 영상정보에 CT의 해부학적 영상정보를 함께 융합할 수 있는 SPECT/CT나 교감신경계에 섭취될 수 있는 PET tracer를 이용한 PET/CT를 사용한다면 갈색세포종에 대한 진단 능력을 더욱 높일 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1976

This paper is the third one of the study on balanced type oscillating mole-drainer, the first one was presented in No 9. Gyeongsang College Report and the second one in Vol. 17, No.4 of the KSAE. In the first part of this study, the characteristics of traction forces between the nonoscillating earth working equipments and oscillating ones was compared. A model of the balanced type oscillating mole-drainer, which composed of a mechanism that may reduce the machine vibration, was designed following the dimensional analysis and similitude technique. The model test was carried out to clarify the balancing mechanism of the oscillating parts and other parts of the machine. In the light of the results from the model tests, a prototype machine was made for experimental purpose. Results from the field test by a reported in the near future. In the second report, the model tests were carried out under the same soil conditions, i.e, . oscillating frequency, running velocity, and oscillating amplitude, etc. It was clear that use of balanced type oscillating model could substantially reduce the vibration of the whole system of the machine, when compared with the nonoscillating type model. In this paper(the third report), results of investigation on the traction force, power requirement, and moment. etc, is presented. Analysis of variance technique was used for analyzing the effect of the frequency, amplitude, and running velocity on the draft force, torque, power requirements, and moments. The results obtained from the model tests are as follows, 1) By practicing a balanced-type oscillating mole-drainer, it was possible to reduce the traction resistance by 55.1-61. 2 percent of traction resistance, however, was 1.75 - 1.95 times greater than the value of resistance which was induced by use of a mole-drainer with single bullet. The resistance of rear shank against soil was considered as a main causing factor of the above results. 2) As the oscillation frequency was increased, the traction resistance was decreased. Considering on the effect of oscillation the greater the amplitude, and the slower the running velocity was, the greater the reduction ratio of traction resistance was. 3) The ratio of the traction resistance of oscillating mole-drainer to that of non-oscillating one could be represented as a function of dimensionless variable (V/$Af$). The results from the tests were well agreed with the reported results from the experim ents on oscillation plow or hoe. 4) By taking a lower value of (V/$Af$), reducing the traction resistance was possible. This fact meant, however, that the efficiency of mole drain practice would be lower. 5) It was experimentally confirmed under the same condition of soil that the variable (R/$rD1^3$) could be represented as a function of a variable($V^2/gD$) when a non\ulcornerocillating mole-drainer was used. 6) When a oscillating mole-drainer was used, the variable(R/$rD_1^{3}$) could be represented as a function of two variables ($v^2/gD_1$) and (V^2/gD_1$). 7) The torque was not affected by a change of frequency. However, a relation of proportionality existed between torque and amplitude, running velocity, and ratio of bullet diameter. When a balanced type oscillating mole-drainer with two bullets was used, torque was increased by 52.8-78. 4 percent and total power requirement was also increased. 8) Total power requirement was increased linearly in accordance with the increasing frequency, 41.96 percent of total power was used for oscillating action. The magnitude of total power requirement was 1. 8-9. 4 times greater than that of a non-oscillating mechanism. In the view point of power requirement, it was not advisable to increase the frequency, amplitude, running velocity, and ratio of bullet diameter at the same time. 9) Only the positive moment occured in the rear shank. Change of the diameter of a rear bullet, could not affect the balancing against the soil resistance. It was necessary for rear bullet to have a large resistance against soil only when the rear bullet was in backward motion. 10) Within an extent of the experimental base, optimum limits for several design factors were A=0.5cm, $f$=22.5Hz, V=O. 05m/sec, and $\lambda$=1.0 By adapting these values traction resistance was reduced by 40 percent and vibration acceleration wa s reduced by 60 percent. Even though the total , power requirements for operating a balanced type oscillation mechanism was greater ~than that of non-oscillating one, using a oscillating mechanism would be more effective. Because a balanced type oscillating mechanism is used, tractive resistance will be reduced and then the lighter . tractive equipment could be used.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1990

화훼류(花卉類)에 대한 Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, Pseudomonas viridiflava와 Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis 세 균주(菌株)의 기주범위(寄主範圍)를 알기 위하여 국내(國內) 주요화훼류(主要化卉類) 35종류(種類)에 자침접종(刺針接種)과 분무접종(噴霧接種)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 식물(植物)에 병원성(病源性)이 있었다. 1. E. c. subsp. carotovora(자침접종(刺針接種)) : 국화과(菊花科)의 국화(菊花), 아게라텀, 과꽃, 백일홍, 다알리아, 금잔화, 코스모스, 루드베키아, 석죽과(科)의 카네이션, 안개초, 협죽도과(科)의 빈차, 비릅과(科)의 색비름, 천일홍, 현삼과(科)의 금어초, 마편초과(科)의 버어베나, 한련과(科)의 한련화, 광대나물과(科)의 셀비어, 추해당과(科)의 베고니아, 붓꽃科(과)의 글라디올러스, 아이리스, 칸나과(科)의 칸나, 앵초과(科)의 시클라벤, 수선과(科)의 군자란, 십자화과(科)의 꽃양배추. (분무접종(噴霧接種)) : 석죽과(科)의 카네이션, 협죽도과(科)의 빈카, 비름과(科)의 색비름, 현삼과(科)의 금어초, 한련과(科)의 한련화, 붓꽃과(科)의 글라디올러스, 칸나과(科)의 칸나, 앵초과(科)의 시클라벤. 2. P. viridiflava(자침접종(刺針接種)) : 국화과(菊花科)의 국화(菊花), 아게라텀, 과꽃, 금잔화, 코스모스, 루드베 키아, 석죽과(科)의 카네이션, 안개초, 협죽도과(科)의 빈카, 비름과(科)의 맨드라미, 현삼과(科)의 금어초, 한련과(科)의 한련화, 가지과(科)의 페츄니어, 추해당과(科)의 베고니아, 붓꽃과(科)의 글라디올러스, 칸나과(科)의 칸나, 앵초과(科)의 시클라멘, 수선과(科)의 군자란, 십자화과(科)의 꽃양배추. (분무접종(噴霧接種)) : 한련과(科)의 한련화, 붓꽃과(科)의 글라디올러스, 칸나과(科)의 칸나, 앵초과(科)의 시클라멘. 3. P. m. pv. marginalis(자침접종(刺針接種)) : 국화과(菊花科)의 매리골드, 아게라텀, 백일홍, 금잔화, 코스모스, 석죽과(科)의 패랭이꽃, 안개초, 카네이션, 비름과(科)의 색비름, 밴드라미, 현삼과(科)의 금어초, 마편초과(科)의 버어베나, 협죽도과(科)의 빈카, 한련과(科)의 한련화, 가지과(科)의 페츄니어, 추해당과(科)의 베고니아, 붓꽃과(科)의 글 라디올러스, 아이리스, 칸나과(科)의 칸나, 앵초과(科)의 시클라벤, 수선과(科)의 군자란, 십자화과(科)의 꽃양배추. (분무접종(噴霧接種)) : 한련과(科)의 한련화, 붓꽃과(科)의 글라디올러스, 칸나과(科)의 칸나, 앵초과(科)의 시클라멘.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 2014

This experiment evaluated the interaction effect of extreme heat diet(EHD), inverse lighting, and cool water on the growth performance of broiler chickens under extreme heat stress. There were 4 experimental groups (T1: EHD 1, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water $9^{\circ}C$; T2: EHD 2, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water $9^{\circ}C$; T3: EHD 1, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water $14^{\circ}C$; T4: EHD 2, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water $14^{\circ}C$), each group composed of 25 broilers and the experiment was repeated 3 times. EHD 1 contained soybean oil, molasses, methionine and lysine. EHD 2 contained all nutrients of EHD 1 and vitamin C additionally. As a result, T1 and T2 displayed higher body weight increase and diet intake compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The weights of their liver and gizzard were similar but the weights of the thymus and bursa F were higher for T1 and T2 compared to that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05). It was observed that T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and blood sugar compared to that of T3 and T4 but LDL-C level was higher for T3 and T4 compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher levels of immunity substances such as IgG, IgA and IgM compared to T3 and T4 but the blood level of corticosterone displayed to be lower for T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The T1 and T2 contained a higher amount of fecal lactobacillus compared to that of T3 and T4 but the T3 and T4 contained a higher amount of fecal E. coli, total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid, propionic acid and total short chain fatty acids compared to T3 and T4 but T3 and T4 displayed higher concentrations of butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). These results have been observed that broiler chickens exposed to extreme heat stress with feeding EHD, inverse lighting and cold water would improve blood lipid, and elevate the production of immunity substance, beneficial microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids. This provision would also reduce the blood sugar consumption rate as energy sources and these effects will improve the growth performance of the broilers exposed to extreme heat.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.77-93
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• 1999

This study is aiming at identifying the foreward and backward lingkage effects of the farm land base development project. Korean Government has continuously carried out farmland base development projets including the integrated agricultural development projects. large and medium scale irrigation projects and the comprehensive development of the four big river basin including tidal land reclamation and estuary dam construction for the all weather farming since 1962. the starting year of the five year economic development plans. Consequently the irrigation rate of paddy fields in Korea reached to 75% in 1998 and to escalate the irrigation rate, the Government had procured heavy investment fund from IBRD. IMF and OECF etc. To cope with the agricultural problems like trade liberalization in accordance with WTO policy, the government has tried to solve such problems as new farmland base development policy, preservation of the farmland and expansion of farmland to meet self-sufficiency of foods in the future. Especially, farmland base development projects have been challanged to environmental and ecological problems in evaluating economic benefits and costs where the value of non-market goods have not been included in those. Up to data, in evaluating benefits and costs of the projects, farmland base development projects have been confined to direct incremental value of farm products and it's related costs. Therefore the projects'efficiency as a decision making criteria has shown the low level of economic efficiencies. In estimating economic efficiencies including Leontiefs input-output analysis of the projects could not be founded in Korea at present. Accordingly this study is aimed at achieving and identifying the following objectives. (1) To identify the problems related to the financial supports of the Government in implementing the proposed projects. (2) To estimated backward and foreward linkage effects of the proposed project from the view point of national economy as a whole. To achieve the objectives, Hwangrak benefited area with reservoir which is located in Seosan-haemi Disticts, Chungnam Province were selected as a case study. The main results of the study are summarized as follows : a. The present value of investment and O & M cost were amounted to 3,510million won and the present value of the value added in related industries was estimated at 5.913million won for the period of economic life of 70 years. b. The total discounted value of farm products in the concerned industries derived by the project was estimated at 10,495million won and the foreward and backward linkage effects of the project were amounted to 6,760 and 5,126million won respectively. c. The total number of employment opportunities derived from the related industries for the period of project life were 3,136 man/year. d. Farmland base development projects were showed that the backward linkage effects estimated by index of the sensitivity dispersion were larger than the forward linkage effect estimated by index of the power of dispersion. On the other hand, the forward linkage effect of rice production value during project life was larger than the backward linkage effect e. The rate of creation of new job opportunity by means of implementing civil engineering works were shown high in itself rather than any other fields. and the linkage effects of production of the project investment were mainly derived from the metal and non-metal fields. f. According to the industrial linkage effect analysis, farmland base development projects were identified economically feasible from the view point of national economy as a whole even though the economic efficiencies of the project was outstandingly decreased owing to delaying construction period and increasing project costs.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.97-124
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• 1976

우리나라 감자 춘하작물재배의 주장려품종이고 휴면기간이 긴 남작(Irish Cobbler)을 추작할때 효과적인 최아처리법을 구명하기 위하여, 대관령산종서를 고려대학교 농과대학 실험농장에시 춘작 증식하여 추작용종서로 사용하고, 1974 및 '75의 양년도에 걸쳐서 농대구내수음하 설치한 최아상(그림 1)에서 구당 60편의 3반복 난괴법으론 최아시험을 실시하고, 실험농장 포장에서 구당 1.8$m^2$(15주)의 3반복 난괴법으로 포장재배시험을 실시한 성적을 요약하면 다음과 같으며, 시험기간(1975년)중의 기상개요는 그림 2와 같았다. 1. 최아처리법과 발아(부표 1~7, 그림 3~5) (a) GA(Gibberellin)처리는 발아가 빨라서 7~8일 에 발아하여 최아소요일수가 약 10일이며, 발아가 균일하고, 부패가 적어 건전발아개체비율도 높으나, 편당발아본수가 3~4본으르 많고, 싹이 세장하며 발근이 없었다. (b) Ethrel처리는 발아가 훨씬 GA보다 늦어서 대체로 최아소요일수가 20~25일이며, 발아의 균일성과 부패및 건전발아개체비율에서 GA보다 고간 못하나, 편당발아본수가 1~2본으로 적고 싹이 단태건실하며 발근이 극히 양호하였다. (c) GA와 Ethrel의 혼합처리는 GA처리보다 1~2일 발아가 늦으나 싹은 비교적 건실하며, 그밖의 발아상은 GA처리와 거의 같았다. (d) Ethylene Chlorohydrin처리는 Ethrel처리와 거의 같은 발아상을 보이나 발아에 23~26일이 소요되고, 최아중의 부패도 많았다. (e) 6-Benzyladenine처리는 Ethrel처리처럼 싹이 단태건실하고 편당발아본수도 1~2본으로 적으며, 발근도 보이나 발아에 22~28일이 소요되고. 발아가 균일하지 못하며, 절단하여 처리할 경우에는 부패가 심해질 우려가 컸다. (f) 약제별 최적처리법은 다음과 같이 보였다. GA처리 : 절단서면 1~2ppm, 전형서면 2~5ppm에 60분처리. Ethrel처리 : 절단서면 500ppm, 전형서면 1000~2000ppm에 60분처리. GA와 Ethrel의 혼합처리 : 절단서면 GA 1~2ppm＋Ethrel 250~500ppm, 전형서면 GA 5ppm＋Ethrel 250~500ppm, 60분처리. 2. 처리법과 부패 (a) 18~24시간의 GA처리는 거의 완전한 부패를 초래하였다(표 2) (b) Ethylene Chlorohydrin처리는 심한 부패를 유발하고(표 2), 6-Benzyladenine처리도 많은 부패를 유발하는(부표 7) 경향이 보였다. (c) 처리중에 교반하여 표피가 갈리게 한것은 전량 부패하였다(부표 1) (d) 종서에 칼로 3-4곳에 자상을 내서 GA처리를 한 것은 발아조장의 효과가 없고, 부패를 조장하는 경향이 보였다(부표 1) 3. 상토와 발아(부표 1) (a) 최아상의 상토로써 부식질세토를 사용하였을 경우에는 사상의 경우보다 부패가 없고 발아도 양호 하였다. (b) 사상의 경우에는 세사보다 조사가 양호하였다. 4. 처리시기와 발아 (a) 7월 15일처리에 비하여 8월 24일처리의 경우에 Ethrel의 전형서처리에서는 발아가 4일 빨랐으나, Ethrel 절단서처리 및 GA처리에서는 발아가 거의 빨라지지 않았다(그림 9) (b) 처리시기가 늦어져서 휴면이 경과될수록 발아와 발근이 조장되는 경향이 보였다(부표 8) (c) 최아기간이 매우 고온건조하였던 경우(8월 14일처리)에는 심한 부패를 보였다(그림 10) 5. 처리법 및 정식기와 수량 (a) 정식기를 같게 할 경우의 수량은 Ethrel>GAㆍEthrel 혼합>GA 처리의 순위로서 정식당시의 싹의 건실도 및 발근상태와 깊은 관련이 있어보였다. Ethylene Chlorohydrin처리는 포장결주가 많아서 수량이 적었다(그림 11) (b) 처리기를 같게 하여 정식기가 GA보다 Ethrel 처리가 15일 늦어 질 경우에는 Ethrel이 GA처리보다 감수경향을 보였다(부표 10) (c) 어느 처리에서나 정식기가 빠를수록 증수되는 경향이 보였다(부표 10) (d) GA처리 조식의 경우에는 고간 도장하는 경향이 보였으나, 기타처리 및 GA처리라도 만식의 경우에는 도장이 보이지 않았다(그림 12)

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.88-89
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• 2013

A variety of influenza A viruses from animal hosts are continuously prevalent throughout the world which cause human epidemics resulting millions of human infections and enormous industrial and economic damages. Thus, early diagnosis of such pathogen is of paramount importance for biomedical examination and public healthcare screening. To approach this issue, here we propose a fully integrated Rotary genetic analysis system, called Rotary Genetic Analyzer, for on-site detection of influenza A viruses with high speed. The Rotary Genetic Analyzer is made up of four parts including a disposable microchip, a servo motor for precise and high rate spinning of the chip, thermal blocks for temperature control, and a miniaturized optical fluorescence detector as shown Fig. 1. A thermal block made from duralumin is integrated with a film heater at the bottom and a resistance temperature detector (RTD) in the middle. For the efficient performance of RT-PCR, three thermal blocks are placed on the Rotary stage and the temperature of each block is corresponded to the thermal cycling, namely $95^{\circ}C$ (denature), $58^{\circ}C$ (annealing), and $72^{\circ}C$ (extension). Rotary RT-PCR was performed to amplify the target gene which was monitored by an optical fluorescent detector above the extension block. A disposable microdevice (10 cm diameter) consists of a solid-phase extraction based sample pretreatment unit, bead chamber, and 4 ${\mu}L$ of the PCR chamber as shown Fig. 2. The microchip is fabricated using a patterned polycarbonate (PC) sheet with 1 mm thickness and a PC film with 130 ${\mu}m$ thickness, which layers are thermally bonded at $138^{\circ}C$ using acetone vapour. Silicatreated microglass beads with 150~212 ${\mu}L$ diameter are introduced into the sample pretreatment chambers and held in place by weir structure for construction of solid-phase extraction system. Fig. 3 shows strobed images of sequential loading of three samples. Three samples were loaded into the reservoir simultaneously (Fig. 3A), then the influenza A H3N2 viral RNA sample was loaded at 5000 RPM for 10 sec (Fig. 3B). Washing buffer was followed at 5000 RPM for 5 min (Fig. 3C), and angular frequency was decreased to 100 RPM for siphon priming of PCR cocktail to the channel as shown in Figure 3D. Finally the PCR cocktail was loaded to the bead chamber at 2000 RPM for 10 sec, and then RPM was increased up to 5000 RPM for 1 min to obtain the as much as PCR cocktail containing the RNA template (Fig. 3E). In this system, the wastes from RNA samples and washing buffer were transported to the waste chamber, which is fully filled to the chamber with precise optimization. Then, the PCR cocktail was able to transport to the PCR chamber. Fig. 3F shows the final image of the sample pretreatment. PCR cocktail containing RNA template is successfully isolated from waste. To detect the influenza A H3N2 virus, the purified RNA with PCR cocktail in the PCR chamber was amplified by using performed the RNA capture on the proposed microdevice. The fluorescence images were described in Figure 4A at the 0, 40 cycles. The fluorescence signal (40 cycle) was drastically increased confirming the influenza A H3N2 virus. The real-time profiles were successfully obtained using the optical fluorescence detector as shown in Figure 4B. The Rotary PCR and off-chip PCR were compared with same amount of influenza A H3N2 virus. The Ct value of Rotary PCR was smaller than the off-chip PCR without contamination. The whole process of the sample pretreatment and RT-PCR could be accomplished in 30 min on the fully integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system. We have demonstrated a fully integrated and portable Rotary Genetic Analyzer for detection of the gene expression of influenza A virus, which has 'Sample-in-answer-out' capability including sample pretreatment, rotary amplification, and optical detection. Target gene amplification was real-time monitored using the integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system.