• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2007

In this research, we found out that bridging nodes have great effect on the robustness of protein-protein interaction networks. Until now, many researchers have focused on node's degree as node's essentiality. Hub nodes in the scale-free network are very essential in the network robustness. Some researchers have tried to relate node's essentiality with node's betweenness centrality. These approaches with betweenness centrality are reasonable but there is a positive relation between node's degree and betweenness centrality value. So, there are no differences between two approaches. We first define a bridging node as the node with low connectivity and high betweenness value, we then verify that such a bridging node is a primary factor in the network robustness. For a biological network database from Internet, we demonstrate that the removal of bridging nodes defragment an entire network severally and the importance of the bridging nodes in the network robustness.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.268-277
• /
• 2014

This study assessed microbiological hazards at postharvest stage of dropwort farms (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) located in 4 different areas in Korea. The samples were assessed for sanitary indication bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Escherichia coli) and pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). Total aerobic bacteria and coliform in 9 dropwort farms were detected at the levels of 0~7.00 and 0~4.25 log CFU/g, mL, of $100cm^2$. In particular, microbial contamination in worker's hand showed higher than cultivation environment factors. Escherichia coli was detected in several farms of soil, irrigation water, washing water and worker's hand and also, dropwort in these farms was contaminated with E. coli (positive reaction). In case of pathogenic bacteria, B. cereus was detected at the highest levels in soil. S. aureus was detected qualitatively from only one sample of dropwort washed by water. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not detected. Although dropwort pass through 2 process (trimming and washing), the microbial contamination was not differ significantly before and after which indicates that current washing system was not effect on reduction of microorganism. From these results, the postharvest environment and workers have been considered as cross-contamination factors. Thus, processing equipments and personal hygiene should be managed to reduce the microbial contamination of dropwort. Accordingly management system such as good agricultural practices (GAP) criteria is needed for the safety of dropwort

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.9
• /
• pp.1256-1266
• /
• 2009

Effects of particle size and physical effective fibre (peNDF) of rice straw in diets on chewing activities, feed intake, flow, site and extent of digestion and rumen fermentation in goats were investigated. A 4${\times}$4 Latin square design was employed using 4 mature Liuyang black goats fitted with permanent ruminal, duodenal, and terminal ileal fistulae. During each of the 4 periods, goats were offered 1 of 4 diets that were similar in nutritional content but varied in particle sizes and peNDF through alteration of the theoretical cut length of rice straw (10, 20, 40, and 80 mm, respectively). Dietary peNDF contents were determined using a sieve for particle separation above 8 mm, and were 17.4, 20.9, 22.5 and 25.4%, respectively. Results showed that increasing the particle size and peNDF significantly (p<0.05) increased the time spent on rumination and chewing activities, duodenal starch digestibility and ruminal pH, and decreased ruminal starch digestibility and $NH_{3}$-N concentration. Intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients (i.e. dry matter, organic matter, and starch) and ruminal fermentation were not affected by the dietary particle size and peNDF. Increased particle size and peNDF did not affect ruminal fibre digestibility, but had a great impact on the intestinal and total tract fibre digestibility. The study suggested that rice straw particle size or dietary peNDF was the important influential factor for chewing activity, intestinal fibre and starch digestibility, and ruminal pH, but had minimal impact on feed intake, duodenal and ileal flow, ruminal and total tract digestibility, and ruminal fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.103-109
• /
• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of enzymolytic products of soybean meal (ESBM), as one of the protein sources in the diet, on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune function of weaned piglets. Soybean meal produced by bioprocessing with fermentation and enzymolysis contains reduced anti-nutritional factors and improved protein utilization. A total of 240 weaned piglets (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire, $9.01{\pm}0.22\;kg$ body weight) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 6 pens per treatment and 10 piglets per pen. The diets were based on corn-soybean meal and ESBM partially replaced soybean meal and soybean protein isolate at the inclusion level of 5, 10 or 15% in the basal diet. Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly. On days 24 to 27, faeces of each replicate were proportionally collected to determine the nutrient digestibility. On day 28 of the experiment, one piglet from each replicate was slaughtered humanely to collect immune organs. The results showed that inclusion of ESBM increased (p<0.05) the final weight, daily feed intake and daily gain of weaned pigs compared with the control diet, and ESBM at the inclusion levels of 10 and 15% improved (p<0.05) the feed/gain compared with the control diet. There were no differences (p>0.05) in daily feed intake among the levels of ESBM, but increasing the levels of ESBM from 5 to 15% improved (p<0.05) the final weight, average daily gain of pigs and feed/gain. The inclusion of ESBM at 5 to 15% increased (p<0.05) the digestibility of crude protein (CP) by 5 to 16%, and ESBM at 15% increased (p<0.05) the digestibility of digestible energy (DE), Ca and P compared with the control diet. ESBM increased (p<0.05) the relative weights of thymus and mandibular lymph nodes by 57.7 and 29.6%, respectively. The percentages of T lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ in peripheral blood of weaned piglets were also increased (p<0.05) by feeding ESBM. The results suggest that ESBM can be a better protein source in improving growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune function of weaned piglets.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.56 no.7
• /
• pp.286-290
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Although chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis is prevalent in children, little is known about its causes. Here, we investigated the humoral immunity in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. Methods: We examined 16 children attending the outpatient clinic at the CHA Bundang Medical Center including 11 boys and 5 girls, aged 3-11 years (mean age, 5.6 years), who had rhinosinusitis for >3 months or >3 times per year. The complete blood count with differential and total serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgA, IgD, IgM, IgG, and IgG subclasses ($IgG_1$, $IgG_2$, $IgG_3$, and $IgG_4$) of all children were measured. All subjects received 23-polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination (PPV), and the levels of antibodies to 5 serologic types (4, 6B, 14, 18C, and 23F) of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens were measured before and after vaccination. Post-PPV antibody titers ${\geq}0.35{\mu}g/mL$ or with a ${\geq}4$-fold increase were considered as positive responses. Results: The titers of IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgM were within normal range in all 16 children, whereas the total IgE concentration was higher than normal in 2 children. $IgG_1$ deficiency was observed in 1 patient and $IgG_3$ deficiency in 3. After PPV, 1 patient failed to respond to all 5 serologic types, 2 failed to respond to 4 serologic types, and 2 failed to respond to 3 serologic types. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the evaluation of humoral immune functions in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis who do not respond to prolonged antibiotic treatment.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• no.14
• /
• pp.82-89
• /
• 1998

During the boom of museum building in the 1970s-80s two museum wee erected in Germany. They are James Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and hans Hollein's Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Monchengladbach, These two museums share the folowing point of similarity : Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and Hollein's Staditisches Museum Abetiberg Monchenbladbach both manifest the conditions of the times in light of their respective cities' local characters and historical contexts without being bound to traditional formality. Stirling and Hollein attempted to grasp the meaning of the 기nuseum as a city in miniature." Taking into account the t two museums’s territorial characteristics of being situated on a slope, both Stirling and Hollein made the walker to pass t through their building complex and introduced the concept of a public square within them. As a result, the museums are not j just two large buildings but are architecture composed of a collage of various structures. S Stirling’s architecture employs the method of attaching additional elements on top of basic constituents, which is suggestive '||'&'||'#61551; of the historical fragment from Shinkel's Altes Museum. On the other hand, Hollein applies a collage-style method as if he w were doing urban planning, maintaining the distinctiveness of each of the various forms and materials of buildings. T The object style buildings of the two museums actively demonstrate the contrast of double meaning to represent the a ambiguous and multifarious characteristics of the modern times. Stirling explores the theme of opposition and coexistence in h his Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart by placing a series of opposing concepts, such as the past and present and histor${\gamma}$ and t technology, in one space. Thereby, the contradiction and its appeal are manifested. Hollein made use of the visual illusion and c contradiction in alluding to the irony of the modern reality induced by nature and culture and history and technology. F For the above reasons and methods, James Stirling ’ s Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart allowed the penetration of art into daily l life and became the general public’s favored museum for its free and unrestrained environment. Likewise, Hans Hollein’s S Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Moncbengladbach contribute to the development of museum function as it an expression of art i in the form of a complex piece of scupture on its own.ts own.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.1323-1329
• /
• 2005

A mathematical model was developed for predicting the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes in tryptic soy broth (TSB) as a function of combined effects of temperature, pH, and NaCl. The TSB containing four different concentrations of NaCl (2, 4, 5, and $10\%$) was initially adjusted to six different pH levels (pH 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) and incubated at 4, 10, 25, or 37$^{circ}C$. In all experimental variables, the primary growth curves were well fitted ($r^{2}$=0.982 to 0.998) to a Gompertz equation to obtain the lag time (LT) and specific growth rate (SGR). Surface response models were identified as appropriate secondary models for LT and SGR on the basis of coefficient determination ($r^{2}$=0.907 for LT, 0.964 for SGR), mean square error (MSE=3.389 for LT, 0.018 for SGR), bias factor ($B_{1}$B,=0.706 for LT, 0.836 for SGR), and accuracy factor ($A_{f}$=1.567 for LT, 1.213 for SGR). Therefore, the developed secondary model proved reliable predictions of the combined effect of temperature, NaCl, and pH on both LT and SGR for L. monocytogenes in TSB.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.248-258
• /
• 1979

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Leuconostoc mesenteroides which was purifid by an affinity chromatography was studied on the characterization, kinetics and chemical modification. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was 112,000 by the gel filtration method of Sephadex G-200 column. The optimum temperature of $NAD^+$-linked reation was 50$^{circ}C$ and the activation energy and the heat of inactivation were 8.36 kcal/mole and -58.2kcal/mole, respectively. The steady state kinetic study showed KG6P, Kemp, and CX KNADP to be 76.9 PM, 7.46${\mu}M$ and 7.14 ${\mu}M$, respectively, and KGGP, KNAD,and aKNm to be 53.7${\mu}M$, 115.2${\mu}M$ and 702.2${\mu}M$ for the $NAD^+$-linked reaction at pH 7.8, optimum pH. The pH dependent kinetic constants suggested that the two ionizing groups whose pKa is 7.2 .and pKb is 9.0-9.6 were involved in the enzyme-substrate interaction. Evidence by photooxidation and carboxymethylation of the enzyme suggested that the imidazole group of histidine with pKa group may participate in the catalytic site.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.18 no.5 s.95
• /
• pp.621-630
• /
• 2006

Twelve beams made of lightweight high-strength concrete were tested to determine their diagonal cracking and ultimate shear capacities. A total of 12 beams without(4 beams) and with lightweight(8 beams) were tested in a stiff testing facility, and complete load-midspan deflection curves, including the maximum capacities portion, were obtained. The variables in the test program were concrete strength, which varied 35.4 MPa, 65.3 MPa; shear span-depth ratios a/d=1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5; and tensile steel ratio between 0.57 and 2.3 percent. Also, we divided beam by diagonal tension crack and ultimate shearing strength to propose an equation. In addition, it analyzed comparison mutually applying existing proposal and guide. $V_{cr}$ was as result that AIK recommendations and Zsutty proposal decrease more than a/d=2.5, increased some in Mathey's proposal equation. $V_{cr,\exp}/V_{cr,cal}$ showed tendency of overestimation according to increase of tensile steel ratio and compressive strength of concrete. On the other hand, $V_{cr,\exp}/V_{cr,cal}$ is superior in conformability with an experiment result Zsutty's proposal among other equations. The proposal equation hew that expect $V_{cr}/V_u$, rationally about shearing strength. Therefore, shear strength an equation is considered to be utilized usefully evaluating capacity by change of the shear span depth ratio of lightweight concrete, tensile steel ratio, and compressive strength of the concrete in this research.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.76-87
• /
• 2001

Objective : Zusanli(ST36) and Hoku(Li4) are analgesic acupuncture points frequently used for acupuncture in Oriental medicine. The present study was conducted to see the antinociceptive effects produced by electroacupuncture combined two frequencies(Low, High) and two different acupuncture points(LI4, ST36) in the rat tail flick test. Method : In this study the Rats (Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g) were partially anesthetized with thiopental sodium(40mg/kg, i.p.). The basal reaction time for the tail-flick was 3${\pm}$0.5 sec. Low frequency(3Hz, 5V, biphasic) and high frequency(100Hz, 5V, biphasic) were applied to the inserted needle for the period of insertion(twenty minutes). Experimental groups are divied as follow; a) electroacupuncture stimulation groups at Hoku with or high frequency(L-EA, H-EA), b) electroacupuncture stimulation groups at Zusanli with low or high frequency(1-EA, h-EA), c) low frequency at Hoku and Zusanli(LIEA), d) low frequency at Hoku and high frequency at Zusanli(LhEA), e) high frequency at Hoku and low frequency at Zusanli(HIEA), f) high frequency at Hoku and Zusanli(HhEA) Results : The individual stimulation at either Hoku or Zusanli with low frequency has stronger and longer analgesic effect than high frequency stimulation. In addition, the combined stimulation at Hoku and Zusanli with low frequency has superior effect to individual stimulation with low frequency. LhEA and LIEA have superior effect to other stimulation groups among the combined groups. In order to determine the involvement of opioid system on the different antinociceptive effects, Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, was used in the combined groups. LIEA is the most sensitive when naloxone was administrated among study groups. HhEA is the least sensitive in the administration of naloxone. Conclusion : From results, this study confirmed that the opioid system is involved in analgesic effect of low frequency stimulation of acupuncture point, and we also can suggest the stronger analgesic effect of combining stimulation points is due to the theory of spatial summation in the nervous system.