• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.122-131
• /
• 2014

This study aimed to conduct an eye-tracking experiment carried with facade images as a medium and to do research on 'the interest of the eyes' resulted from people's gazing phenomena. This study secured gazing data which appeared according to visual response and analyzed gazing phenomena to find the basic theory of 'the interest of the eyes' as a methodological role, which consumer interest and attention could be grafted when a plan and a design for space design was made. Data terms used in eye-tracking backgrounds and the movement of the eyes were investigated in literature review. Twenty (20) facade images were selected through a case study to get experimental stimuli for the related experiment. Thirty (30) subjects (men and women) suitable for the experiment were recruited to conduct an eye-tracking experiment. After the experiment, five (5) areas were set up in the facade image to identify the focus level of interest and attention. The level of interest and focus was connected to the interest of the eyes. The analysis to study the interest of the eyes was based on nine (9) items such as sequence, entry time, dwell time, hit ratio, revisits, revisitors, average fixation, first fixation and fixation count. Through gaze analysis, the following conclusion was drawn about the 'interest level of sight' for gaze frequency. The interest level can be interpreted to be higher for faster sequence, shorter entry time, longer all fixation(ms) for dwell time, faster all saccade(%), higher hit ratio, more revisits, more revisitors, longer average fixation, faster and longer first fixation, and more fixation count, and the person can be said to have felt interest faster and/or more.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.62 no.3
• /
• pp.26.1-26.7
• /
• 2022

This study was aimed to evaluate the prophylactic anti-glaucoma effect of topical 5% betaxolol (BTX) and 2% dorzolamide (DRZ) on the second eye in dogs with unilateral primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Medical records of 60 dogs with unilateral PACG who received prophylactic anti-glaucoma eyedrops in the second eye, from 2016 to 2021, were reviewed. The prophylactic effects of BTX were maintained on 28/60 (46.7%) eyes until last visit and BTX failure was observed on median 510 (range, 53-1,927) days in 32/60 (53.3%) eyes. After DRZ instillation in BTX failure eyes, the prophylactic effects were extended at median 610 (range, 157-2,270) days in 21/32 (65.6%) eyes. DRZ failure eyes (17/21, 81.0%) eyes required chemical ablation or surgical intervention due to uncontrolled intraocular pressure. The duration of prophylactic effects was decreased with aging (R² = 0.334, p = 0.006). The predominant breeds were Shih-Tzu (41.9%) and American Cocker Spaniel (30.6%) with no significant differences in survival curves (p = 0.210). The average prophylactic effects of BTX persisted more than 1.5 year and could be selected the first prophylactic eye drop in unilateral PACG. Also, early surgical intervention should be considered in prophylactic medications failure cases.

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the static balance in a sitting position between a group with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and a normal aged-matched group. Forty-nine subjects were included in this study. Thirty-one healthy subjects and eighteen AIS subjects were participated. Each group was tested with the Lumbar Trunk Muscle Endurance Test (LTMET) and Balance Performance Monitor (BPM). The parameters for static balance were sway area, sway path, mean balance, maximum velocity, anterior-posterior angle, and left-right angle of each group with eyes opened and closed. Results from the LTMET showed significantly more increase in the normal group than in the AIS group in the flexor and extensor endurance. The BPM tested showed significantly difference beteen the groups in parameters of sitting balance such as maximum velocity and anterior-posterior sway angle. For the AIS subjects, there were no significant differences in all parameters of sitting balance between eyes opened and eyes closed. In comparisons of the groups with eyes opened there were no significant differences in all parameters of sitting balance. In comparisons of the groups with eyes closed there were significant differences in the sway area, maximum velocity, anterior-posterior sway angle and left-right sway angle. These results suggest that the AIS group relies much more on proprioception than on vision, and develops compensatory passive postures of the spine. Further study is needed to measure many AIS patients with morphologic and electromyographic data for clinical application.

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.5 no.6
• /
• pp.699-710
• /
• 2021

In this study, we propose a biomimetic optical structure design methodology for investigating micro-optical mechanisms associated with the compound eyes of insects. With these compound eyes, insects can respond fast while maintaining a wide field of view. Also, considerable research attention has been focused on the insect compound eyes to utilize these benefits. However, their nano micro-structures are complex and challenging to demonstrate in real applications. An effectively integrated design methodology is required considering the manufacturing difficulty. We show that photorealistic ray-traced visualization is an effective method for designing the biomimetic of a micro-compound eye of an insect. We analyze the image formation mechanism and create a three-dimensional computer-aided design model. Then, a ray-trace visualization is applied to observe the optical image formation. Finally, the segmented images are stitched together to generate an image with a wide-angle; the image is assessed for quality. The high structural similarity index (SSIM) value (approximately 0.84 to 0.89) of the stitched image proves that the proposed MATLAB-based image stitching algorithm performs effectively and comparably to the commercial software. The results may be employed for the understanding, researching, and design of advanced optical systems based on biological eyes and for other industrial applications.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.208-246
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aqua exercise program on the static balance of child with mental retardation. The subjects were seven male child and three female child with mental retardation(age ranges from 5 to 6). The subjects were practiced with focusing on the aqua exercise program for 8 weeks, from 7, January 2003 to 28, February 2003. The results of this study were as follows : 1. After the exercise program, the balance of double-stance by BPM was significantly reduced of lateral sway number by $12.2\%$(P<.01) with eyes obstruct. 2. After the exercise program, the balance of double-stance by BPM was significantly reduced of anterior and posterior sway number of left leg by $8.5\%$(P<.05) with eyes obstruct. 3. After the exercise program, the balance of double-stance by BPM was significantly reduced of anterior and posterior sway number of right leg by $8.3\%$(P<.05) with eyes obstruct. 4. After the exercise program, the balance of double-stance by BPM was significantly reduced of lateral sway number by $13.2\%$(P<.01) with eyes open. 5. After the exercise program, the balance of double-stance by BPM was significantly reduced of anterior and posterior sway number of left leg by $10.3\%$(P<.05) with eyes open. 6. After the exercise program, the balance of double-stance by BPM was significantly reduced of anterior and posterior sway number of right leg by $10.3\%$(P<.01) with eyes open. As we can see the results of this study, the aqua exercise program improved the static balance of child with mental retardation. Futhermore, it is reasonable program that can improvability of static balance for the children with mental retardation using aqua exercise program. And then it is necessary to develop much better program than now for the children with mental retardation's health and to provide the adequate pool for their aqua exercise.

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.52-59
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the postural balance program which uses the movement accelerating field principles of posture balance training and evaluation equipment and smartphone movement accelerometer program (SMAP) in healthy young adults. A total of 34 people were appointed as the subject among the healthy young adults. By using Biodex stability system (BSS) and SMAP on the subject, the posture balance capability was evaluated. For the test-retest reliability, SMAP showed the intra-class correlation (ICC: .62~.91) and standard error measurement (SEM: .01~.08). BSS showed the moderate to high reliability of ICC (.88~.93) and SEM (.02~.20). In the reliability of inter-rater, ICC (.59~.73) as to SMAP, showed the reliability of moderate in eyes open stability all (EOSA), eyes open stability anterior posterior (EOSAP), eyes open stability medial lateral (EOSML) and eyes open dinamic all (EODA), eyes open danamic anterior posterior (EODAP), and eyes open danamic medial lateral (EODML). However, ICC showed reliability which was as low as .59 less than in other movements. In addition, BSS showed the reliability of high as ICC (.70~.75). It showed reliability which was as low as ICC (.59 less than) in other movements. In correlation to the balance by attitudes between SMAP and BSS, EOSML (r=.62), EODA (r=.75), EODML (r=.72), ECDAP (r=.64), and ECDML (r=.69) shown differ significantly (p<.05). However, the correlation noted in other movements did not differ significantly. Therefore, SMAP and BSS can be usefully used in the posture balance assessment of the static and dynamic condition with eyes opened and closed.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.403-408
• /
• 2015

To evaluate the effects of spherical aberration (SA) correction on optical quality in pseudophakic eyes, we simulated the optical quality of the human eye by computation of the modulation transfer function (MTF). We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery in Asan Medical Center, retrospectively. A Zywave aberrometer was used to measure optical aberrations at 1-12 postoperative months in patients with AR40e intraocular lens implants. The MTF was calculated for a 5 mm pupil from measured wavefront aberrations. The area under the MTF curve (aMTF) was analyzed and the maximal aMTF was calculated while changing the SA ($-0.2{\sim}+0.2{\mu}m$) and the defocus (-2.0 ~ +2.0 D). Sixty-four eyes in 51 patients were examined. The maximal aMTF was $6.61{\pm}2.16$ at a defocus of $-0.25{\pm}0.66D$ with innate SA, and $7.64{\pm}2.63$ at a defocus of $0.08{\pm}0.53D$ when the SA was 0 (full correction of SA). With full SA correction, the aMTF increased in 47 eyes (73.4%; Group 1) and decreased in 17 eyes (26.6%; Group 2). There were statistically significant differences in Z(3, -1) (vertical coma; P = 0.01) and Z(4, 4) (tetrafoil; P = 0.04) between the groups. The maximal aMTF was obtained at an SA of $+0.01{\mu}m$ in Group 1 and an SA of $+0.13{\mu}m$ in Group 2. Optical quality can be improved by full correction of SA in most pseudophakic eyes. However, residual SA might provide benefits in eyes with significant radially asymmetric aberrations.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.7-7
• /
• 2000

This paper describes a mirror control system that can adjust the location of side and room mirror of the vehicle automatically using 3D coordinates to monitor the location of driver's eyes. Through analysis of the image inputted by two B/W CCD camera and infrared lamps installed on top of the driver's dashboard, we can estimate the values of 3D coordinate of the driver's eyes. Using these values, this system can determine the absolute position of each mirror and activate each actuator to the appropriate position. The stereo vision system can detect the driver's eyes whether it is day or night by virtue of infrared Lamps. We have tested this system using 10 drivers who drive a car currently, and most of the drivers were satisfied with the convenience of this system.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.65-69
• /
• 2013

PET fabrics of various luster, fiber thickness(denier), and weaving structure were dyed at the same conditions and determined their grey scale by using naked eyes, computer color matching (CCM) system, and real industry color (RIC) device to evaluate the effectiveness of RIC device developed in this study. As for the luster of fabrics, bright PET showed more differences when compared with semi-dull and full-dull. PET in both naked eyes and RIC device since the RIC device provide the real image of fabrics to observers. As for the fiber thickness, the results of naked eyes and RIC device were very similar while the result of CCM showed lower color grade. Finally, as for the weaving structures of PET fabrics, all the test results by naked eyes, CCM, and RIC device showed almost same grey scales. In these regards, the RIC device developed in this study was comparable to naked eyes by providing the real image of fabrics, however it was difficult to compare the very bright colors such as yellow and fiber thickness(denier) and weaving structure of fabrics.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.41
• /
• pp.429-454
• /
• 2015

The starting point of this discussion resides in the 'eyes' of mirror in a sense of seeing the self reflected in a mirror. The meaning of mirror has been evolved over the centuries while strengthening its sense of identity by bringing up some questions for resemblance, reproduction, self-reflection and reality. A mirror has also extended its vision and provided with a range of images that the self can't have. In this regard, looking into a mirror has been a sustained focus of attention by creating another ostensible being of self-image. This shows the two sides of mirror, which reveals an ambiguous gap between substance and illusion. An excessive immersion in a reflected image in a mirror is intensified and expressed today. The eyes of mirror consisting of a complex dual structure show relations between a person who sees and a person who is seen, which draws a hazy line of demarcation between the subject and the object. This opens up the possibility of the world of chiasme, where you could face all the aspects being from the eyes of others. Furthermore, the meaning of the reflection in a mirror has formed a creative discourse as an enigmatic medium that creates a variety of 'eyes' in various forms of aesthetic expression like paintings and literature. I accordingly suggest that the 'eyes of mirror' is the ambiguous 'eyes of human being' reflected in two territories of the world. Therefore, I will present the historical development of the perspective on the mirror to take a concrete approach in which it opens up the reflective structure of resemblance through a series of examples projected onto the literary and artistic productions. This study will serve as ruminations on the fact that your life is being existent in 'chiasme' of mutual entanglement between the self and the world by investigating relations between a person who sees and a person who is seen, in other words, relations between the perceiving subject and the eyes of others reflected in a mirror.