• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2013

Recognition and image processing technology depends on illumination variation. One of the most important factors is the parameters of algorithms. When it comes to select these values, the system has different types of recognition accuracy. In this paper, we propose performance improvement of the eye tracking system that depends on some environments such as, people, location, and illumination. Optimized threshold parameter was decided by using reinforcement learning. When the system accuracy goes down, reinforcement learning used to train the value of parameters. According to the experimental results, the performance of eye tracking system can be improved from 3% to 14% by using reinforcement learning. The improved eye tracking system can be effectively used for human-computer interaction.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2006

In current video-conferencing systems. user's face movements are restricted by fixed camera, therefore it is inconvenient to users. To solve this problem, tracking of face movements is needed. Tracking using whole face needs much computing time and whole face is difficult to define as an one feature. Thus, using several feature points in face is more desirable to track face movements efficiently. This paper addresses an effective eye location algorithm which is essential process of automatic human face tracking system for natural video-conferencing. The location of eye is very important information for face tracking, as eye has most clear and simplest attribute in face. The proposed algorithm is applied to candidate face regions from the face region extraction. It is not sensitive to lighting conditions and has no restriction on face size and face with glasses. The proposed algorithm shows very encouraging results from experiments on video-conferencing environments.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2014

This study aimed to conduct an eye-tracking experiment carried with facade images as a medium and to do research on 'the interest of the eyes' resulted from people's gazing phenomena. This study secured gazing data which appeared according to visual response and analyzed gazing phenomena to find the basic theory of 'the interest of the eyes' as a methodological role, which consumer interest and attention could be grafted when a plan and a design for space design was made. Data terms used in eye-tracking backgrounds and the movement of the eyes were investigated in literature review. Twenty (20) facade images were selected through a case study to get experimental stimuli for the related experiment. Thirty (30) subjects (men and women) suitable for the experiment were recruited to conduct an eye-tracking experiment. After the experiment, five (5) areas were set up in the facade image to identify the focus level of interest and attention. The level of interest and focus was connected to the interest of the eyes. The analysis to study the interest of the eyes was based on nine (9) items such as sequence, entry time, dwell time, hit ratio, revisits, revisitors, average fixation, first fixation and fixation count. Through gaze analysis, the following conclusion was drawn about the 'interest level of sight' for gaze frequency. The interest level can be interpreted to be higher for faster sequence, shorter entry time, longer all fixation(ms) for dwell time, faster all saccade(%), higher hit ratio, more revisits, more revisitors, longer average fixation, faster and longer first fixation, and more fixation count, and the person can be said to have felt interest faster and/or more.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2012

Eye tracking technology tracks human eyes movements to understand user's intention. This technology has been improving slowly and should be used for a variety of occasions now. For example, it enables persons with disabilities to operate a computer with their eyes. This article will show a typical implementation of an eye tracking system for persons with disabilities, after introducing the design principles and specific implementation details of an eye tracking system. The article discussed the realization of self-adapting regulation algorithm in detail. The self-adapting algorithm is based on feedback signal controlling the lens movements to realize automatic focus, and to get a clear eyes image. This CCD camera automatic focusing method has self-adapting capacity for changes of light intensity on the external environment. It also avoids the trouble of manual adjustment and improves the accuracy of the adjustment.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.374-381
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• 2022

This study analyzes the visual perceptual difference of observers in the artworks created by human artists and artificial intelligence(AI) through eye-tracking. More specifically, the study analyzes the degree of visual attention through a fixation experiment on non-linguistic sources such as the formation and expression of artworks. As a result of this study, the subjects had guessed that one out of four artworks were created by AI (in actuality, 61.1% of the artworks were created by The Next Rembrandt). This demonstrates that most of the subjects hardly recognized the difference between the artwork of human artists and AI. From the comparative analysis of visual perceptual differences found through eye-tracking, more visual attention was found to be demanded for catching details of more stimulating visuals compared to less stimulating visuals. In the gender difference analysis, both of the female and male subjects were likely to stare more intently at the flowers of still-life paintings (Deep Dream & Vincent Van Gogh) while the eyes of a portrait painting (Rembrandt & The Next Rembrandt); this demonstrates no significant differences in gender. Various opinions on AI and art creation from different perspectives arose, therefore, this research is meaningful in a way that it suggests an objective examination through experiments with an artistic perspective.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2001

Recently, service area has been emerging field f robotic applications. Even though assistant robots play an important role for the disabled and the elderly, they still suffer from operating the robots using conventional interface devices such as joysticks or keyboards. In this paper we propose an efficient computer interface using real-time eye-gaze tracking system. The inputs to the proposed system are images taken by a camera and data from a magnetic sensor. The measured data is sufficient to describe the eye and head movement because the camera and the receiver of a magnetic sensor are stationary with respect to the head. So the proposed system can obtain the eye-gaze direction in spite of head movement as long as the distance between the system and the transmitter of a magnetic position sensor is within 2m. Experimental results show the validity of the proposed system in practical aspect and also verify the feasibility of the system as a new computer interface for the disabled.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2022

This research aims to identify the relationship between visual perception and emotion by the types of fear responses elicited from warning images on cigarette packages as well as the effectiveness of the size of such images through questionnaires and eye-tracking experiments with twenty university students from the colleges based in Busan. The research distinguished and analyzed the warning images as rational appeals and emotional appeals by the degree of fear and disgust and the result concurred with the research conclusions of Maynard that people would naturally avoid eye contact when presented with a warning image on cigarette packages. Also, eye avoidance was highly identified with larger (75%) warning images. While the previous research mostly adopted the self-rated validation method, this research tried to make the methodology more objective by adopting both questionnaires and eye-tracking experiments. Through this research, authors contribute to finding effective warning images on cigarette packages in a way to increase public awareness of the dangers of smoking and discourage smoking. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of using explicit images on cigarette packages by the types of smokers such as heavy smokers, normal smokers, and non-smokers.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2016

Street is the most fundamental component of city and place to promote diverse actions of people. Pedestrians gaze at various street environments. A visual gaze means that there are interesting elements and these elements need to be preferentially improved in the street environment improvement project. Therefore, this study aims to set up the priorities of street environment components by analyzing eye movements from a pedestrian perspective. In this study, street environment components were classified into road, street facility, building(facade) and sky and as street environment images, three "Streets of Youth" situated in Gwangbok-ro, Seomyeon and Busan University of Busan were selected. The experiment targeted 30 males and females in their twenties to forties. After setting the angle of sight through a calibration test, an eye-tracking experiment regarding the three images was conducted. Lastly, the subjects were asked to fill in questionnaires. The following three conclusions were obtained from the results of the eye-tracking experiment and the survey. First, building was the top priority of street environment components and it was followed by street facility, road and sky. Second, as components to be regarded as important, fast 'Sequence', many 'Fixation Counts' and 'Visit Counts', short 'Time to First Fixation' and long 'Fixation Duration' and 'Visit Duration' were preferred. Third, after voluntary eye movements, the subjects recognized the objects with the highest gaze frequency and the lowest gaze frequency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.841-846
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• 2006

A real time system realization for binocular eyeball tracking cursor on the computer monitor screen is presented in the paper. The processing for searching iris and tracking the cursor are that a facial is acquired by the small CCD camera, convert it into binary image, search for the eye two using the five region mask method in the eye surroundings and the side four points diagonal positioning method is searched the each iris. The tracking cursor is matched by measuring the iris central moving position, The cursor controlling is achieved by comparing two related distances between the iris maximum moving and the cursor moving to calculate the moving stance from gazing position and screen. The experimental result are obtained by examining some adults person on the system.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 2009

The red-eye effect in photography occurs when using a photographic flash very close to the camera lens, in ambient low light due to in experience. Once occurred, the photographer needs to remove it with image tool that requires time consuming, skillful process. In this paper, we propose a new method to extract and remove such red-eye area automatically. Our method starts with transforming ROB space to YCbCr and HSI space and it extracts the face area by using skin color information. The target red-eye area is then extracted by applying 8-direction contour tracking algorithm and removed. The experiment shows our method's effectiveness.