• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.288-297
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• 2014

Objectives: The goal of this project was to measure the antibacterial effectiveness of Hwangryunhaedok-tang (barberry root decoction for detoxification) and its constituents. All of the active ingredients including the final product were prepared using high-pressure sterilization for use as medicinal eye drops. The varying forms of Hwangryunhaedok-tang (barberry root decoction for detoxification) were used to treat Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis which are found in keratitis. Methods: The antibacterial effect was measured by observing the presence or absence of antimicrobial activity when treated with varying concentrations of Hwangryunhaedok-tang extract. The tests were performed using a dosage of $70{\mu}l$ dosages of 100%, 50%, 10% and 1% the extracted solution by the minimum growth inhibitory concentration measurement. Antimicrobial activity was measured by examining the correlation between dosage strength and bacterial activity from $70{\mu}l$ to $10{\mu}l$ at the same concentration. Results: 1. Hwangryunhaedok-tang (barberry root decoction for detoxification), Phellodendri Cortex, and gardenia didn't show any antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, or E. faecalis. 2. Barberry root showed antimicrobial effects against S. aureus and S. epidermidis depending on the levels of concentration but didn't show any antimicrobial effects against E. faecalis. 3. Skullcap showed antimicrobial effects against S. aureus and S. epidermidis when a dosage of 100% extract $70{\mu}l$ was used. However, did not show any antimicrobial effects at all against E. faecalis. Conclusions: Hwangryunhaedok-tang (barberry root decoction for detoxification) and its constituents such as barberry root, phellodendri cortex, skullcap, and gardenia, can be used as an alternative to antibiotic medicinal eye drops to treat keratitis. However, further research on effective uses of and efficient extraction methods are needed.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.11
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• pp.1077-1081
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• 2018

Purpose: We report two cases of corneal edema in patients who presented with bilateral blurry vision due to vaporized amines while working in a polyurethane processing plant. Case summary: A 28-year-old male presented with bilateral blurred vision. His work involved solidifying polyurethane liquid and he often found himself exposed to polyurethane heat and gas. Purpose: We report two cases of corneal edema in patients who presented with bilateral blurry vision due to vaporized amines while working in a polyurethane processing plant. Case summary: A 28-year-old male presented with bilateral blurred vision. His work involved solidifying polyurethane liquid and he often found himself exposed to polyurethane heat and gas. On examination, the patient's uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was 20/40 (right) and 30/50 (left). A slit lamp examination revealed subepithelial microbullae in both eyes. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was also increased in both eyes, measuring $698{\mu}m$ (right) and $672{\mu}m$ (left). After prescribing 0.5% moxifloxacin and, 1% fluorometholone eye drops for 3 days in both eyes, the UCVA recovered to 20/40 (right) and 20/20 (left). The CCT decreased to $644{\mu}m$ (right) and $651{\mu}m$ (left), and the microbullae improved significantly in the left eye. The second patient was a 34-year-old female who presented with bilateral decreased visual acuity while at work. She worked in a factory that produced car seat filling. Her UCVA was 20/25 (right) and 20/20 (left). The CCT by specular microscopy was $537{\mu}m$ (right) and $541{\mu}m$ (left). On slit lamp examination, both eyes demonstrated bilateral central subepithelial edema. The patient did not attend any follow-up outpatient appointments after the initial presentation. Conclusions: Exposure to vaporized amines such as polyurethane may causereversible corneal toxicityeven without direct contact. Further consideration should be given to ocular safety and protection from amine compounds in the industrial field.On examination, the patient's uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was 20/40 (right) and 30/50 (left). A slit lamp examination revealed subepithelial microbullae in both eyes. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was also increased in both eyes, measuring $698{\mu}m$ (right) and $672{\mu}m$ (left). After prescribing 0.5% moxifloxacin and, 1% fluorometholone eye drops for 3 days in both eyes, the UCVA recovered to 20/40 (right) and 20/20 (left). The CCT decreased to $644{\mu}m$ (right) and $651{\mu}m$ (left), and the microbullae improved significantly in the left eye. The second patient was a 34-year-old female who presented with bilateral decreased visual acuity while at work. She worked in a factory that produced car seat filling. Her UCVA was 20/25 (right) and 20/20 (left). The CCT by specular microscopy was $537{\mu}m$ (right) and $541{\mu}m$ (left). On slit lamp examination, both eyes demonstrated bilateral central subepithelial edema. The patient did not attend any follow-up outpatient appointments after the initial presentation. Conclusions: Exposure to vaporized amines such as polyurethane may causereversible corneal toxicityeven without direct contact. Further consideration should be given to ocular safety and protection from amine compounds in the industrial field.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.711-717
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• 2007

Sleep is a vital, highly organized process regulated by complex systems of neuronal networks and neurotransmitters. Normal sleep comprises non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM periods that alternate through the night. Sleep usually begins in NREM and progresses through deeper NREM stages (2, 3, and 4 stages), but newborns enter REM sleep (active sleep) first before NREM (quiet sleep). A period of NREM and REM sleep cycle is approximately 90 minutes, but newborn have a shorter sleep cycle (50 minutes). As children mature, sleep changes as an adult pattern: shorter sleep duration, longer sleep cycles and less daytime sleep. REM sleep is approximately 50% of total sleep in newborn and dramatically decreases over the first 2 years into adulthood (20% to 25%). An initial predominant of slow wave sleep (stage 3 and 4) that peaks in early childhood, drops off abruptly after adolescence by 40% from preteen years, and then declines over the life span. The hypothalamus is recognized as a key area of brain involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The basic function of sleep largely remains elusive, but it is clear that sleep plays an important role in the regulation of CNS and body physiologic processes. Understanding of the architecture of sleep and basic mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake cycle are essential to evaluate normal or abnormal development of sleep pattern changes with age. Reduction or disruption of sleep can have a significant impact on daytime functioning and development, including learning, growth, behavior, and emotional regulation.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2023

Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome is defined as the occurrence of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis in the absence of other systemic diseases. Three pediatric cases have been reported in the Republic of Korea, and we now report a fourth case. A 15-year-old girl presented to the ophthalmology department with a 1-week history of bilateral ocular discomfort that worsened on the day of presentation with redness and pain in both eyes. She was diagnosed with bilateral uveitis, and her baseline examination revealed moderate renal dysfunction and mild proteinuria. A renal biopsy was performed and confirmed the diagnosis of TINU syndrome. She was started on steroid eye drops and a 12-week course of oral steroids at a dose of 40 mg/m²/day, which completely resolved the proteinuria and mild renal function to an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60 mL/min/1.73 m². However, the uveitis did not improve, and despite the addition of oral methotrexate as a second-line treatment, the uveitis remains unresponsive to treatment over 21 months. Further evaluation and treatment are ongoing, and active therapeutic intervention is suggested even at a pediatric age, considering the lack of improvement in renal function and uveitis to date.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.1195-1200
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• 2018

Purpose: To report a case of anterior segment ischemia after superior and inferior rectus muscle surgery in a patient with superior rectus muscle enlargement. This is the first report in the Republic of Korea of anterior segment ischemia after two rectus muscles surgery. Case summary: An 80-year-old male was referred to our clinic with a 3 years history of diplopia. The patient had 30 prism diopters right eye hypertropia in the primary position and downgaze limitation. The orbital computed tomography scan revealed enlargement of the right superior rectus muscle. He underwent right superior rectus recession and inferior rectus resection. On postoperative day 2, slit lamp examination revealed diffuse corneal edema, Descemet's membrane folding, an aqueous flare and a dilated pupil. Treatment with 45 mg oral steroid was initiated, and 1% prednisolone acetate and 0.5% Levofloxacin eye drops were administered. At postoperative 1 month, the patient was orthophoric in the primary position, and there was no corneal edema, pupil abnormality or aqueous flare. Conclusions: Base on the present case, the possibility of anterior segment ischemia should be considered after even two muscles surgery, and older patients with vertical muscle surgery should be considered more carefully.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.751-754
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• 2010

A 6-year-old spayed female Persian cat presented with a 3-month history of recurrent ulcerative keratitis with noticeable opacification and vascularization of the right cornea. The lesion was nonresponsive to topical antibiotics and to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ophthalmic examination showed signs of ocular discomfort, such as epiphora and blepharospasm, in the right eye. Biomicroscopic examination revealed an irregular, edematous, vascularized mass with pink to white tissue on the entire cornea and mild conjunctivitis. A tentative diagnosis of feline proliferative eosinophilic keratitis (FPEK) was made on the basis of clinical appearance. Cytologic examination of the cornea showed a mixture of numerous eosinophils and mast cells, which confirmed the original diagnosis of FPEK. The cat was treated with a topical antibiotic-corticosteroid combination, cyclosporine ointment, trifluridine eye drops, and oral Llysine. The clinical signs improved remarkably 18 days after the cat was first examined. The short-term use of corticosteroids and long-term use of cyclosporine and an anti-viral agent resolved the lesion without recurrence of the disease for 1 year.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.23
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• pp.347-358
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• 2016

The design of children's hospitals is highly dependent on color schemes. As a space shared together by both adults and children, the design of children's hospitals require color coordination that takes account of the users' characteristics. However, because the majority of prior research on color perception has focused overly on the emotional aspects, there is a necessity for more rational and scientific analyses to identify the characteristics of the visual perception of colors. Adopting this perspective in analyzing the characteristics of the visual perception of colors, this study aims to move beyond the abstract to focus on more objective methods, such as eye-tracking experiments, to examine the characteristics of hospital visitors' visual attention with respect to colors. Visual perception tracking experiment was conducted on the 2 chosen experimental images with a target group made up of adults and children, the following results were found. Firstly, spaces created with the preference colors of the different groups were found to develop a characteristic of developing higher attention. Secondly, observing the common tendencies for attention for adults and children, the highest region for visual concentration was formed towards the middle, as attention progresses to lower stages visually focused area changes in the order of upper-middle, left and right, and lower regions and edge regions show characteristics of not triggering attention Thirdly, it is understood that children's level of attention drops a lot faster than adults when identifying space therefore it is suspected that children need more elaborate color coordination than adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 1996

Based generally on the socio-economic status of the surrounding areas of Seoul daily health records from 6 randomly sampled primary schools were analyzed to evaluate the health problems of school children in 1992. Diseases were classified into 11 categories according to ICD-9. The mean number of visits to health care rooms during school per student was 0.95 during 215 school days from February to December in 1992 and the mean number of daily visits was 10.12. Female students visited health rooms more frequently than male students. The total spell base incidence rate was 947.3 per 1,000 students in a year; the incident rate from digestive diseases was 342.1; from injuries it was 333.6; and from respiratory diseases, it was 243.9. 85% of all diseases were from trauma, gastric symtoms, and common colds. The most frequent diseases for male students resulted from trauma and for female students from gastric symtoms. The average incident rate was highest in the Kangnam area, and the lowest in the Kangbuk area and this result is statistically significant. The incident rates of 5th and 6th graders were significantly higher than the rest. Emergency cases refered to hospital were 140(1.07%), and drugs used for treatment consisted of digestives, drugs for common colds, analgesics and antipyretics, eye drops, and external ointments for trauma. In conclusion the above results suggest that the school health service program and health education program should be based on the health status of school children.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2014

Purpose: Diversity and the lachrymal duct deformities and the passage inside the nasal cavity except for anterior image such as epiphora happens during the test were able to express more precisely during the dacryoscintigraphy. Also, we thought about the necessity of a method to classify the passage into the naso-lachrymal duct from epiphora. Therefore, we are to find the validity of the method to obtain both oblique views except for anterior views. Materials and Methods: The targets of this research are 78 patients with epiphora due to the blockage at the lachrymal duct from January 2013 to August 2013. Average age was $56.96{\pm}13.36$. By using a micropipette, we dropped 1-2 drops of $^{99m}TcO4^-$ of 3.7 MBq (0.1 mCi) with $10{\mu}L$ of each drop into the inferior conjunctival fold, then we performed dynamic check for 20 minutes with 20 frames of each minute. In case of we checked the passage from both eyes to nasal cavity immediately after the dynamic check, we obtained oblique view immediately. If we didn't see the passage in either side of the orbit, we obtained oblique views of the orbit after checking the frontal film in 40 minutes. The instrument we used was Pin-hole Collimator with Gamma Camera(Siemens Orbiter, Hoffman Estates, IL, USA). Results: Among the 78 patients with dacryoscintigraphy, 35 patients were confirmed with passage into the nasal cavity from the anterior view. Among those 35 patients, 15 patients were confirmed with passage into the nasal cavity on both eyes, and it was able to observe better passage patterns through oblique view with a result of 8 on both eyes, 2 on left eye, and 1 on right eye. 20 patients had passage in left eye or right eye, among those patients 10 patients showed clear passage compared to the anterior view. 13 patients had possible passage, and 30 patients had no proof of motion of the tracer. To sum up, 21 patients (60%) among 35 patients showed clear pattern of passage with additional oblique views compared to anterior view. People responded obtaining oblique views though 5 points scale about the utility of passage identification helps make diagnoses the passage, passage delayed, and blockage of naso-lachrymal duct by showing the well-seen portions from anterior view. Also, when classifying passage to naso-lachrymal duct and flow to the skin, oblique views has higher chance of classification in case of epiphora (anterior:$4.14{\pm}0.3$, oblique:$4.55{\pm}0.4$). Conclusion: It is considered that if you obtain oblique views of the bilateral orbits in addition to anterior view during the dacryoscintigraphy, the ability of diagnose for reading will become higher because you will be able to see the areas that you could not observe from the anterior view so that you can see if it emitted after the naso-lachrymal duct and the flow of epiphora on the skin.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.223-234
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• 2016

Two-component epoxy resin is widely used in the cultural heritage restoration field. However according to mixing ratio of resin and hardener, curing property, mechanical strength and chemical structure differ which have possibility to effect the stability of cultural heritage. Result of questionnaire survey shows hands-on workers in the conservation field tend to mix the epoxy resin with his or her eye measurement when the using amount is small or mix additional hardener to shorten the pot life of epoxy resin. This research aims to analyze the curing property, mechanical strength and chemical structure of rapid curing type epoxy resin and medium curing type one depending on relative ratio of 0.25~4 of hardener to resin. When the amount of hardener was 0.5~2 times more than the resin, exothermic heat and curing speed were both increased. In case of included hardener to resin was lower than official ratio, mechanical strength (tensile shear strength, tensile strength and compressive strength) became higher along with active cross-linking bonding of the epoxy resin. Medium curing type epoxy relatively had lower exothermic heat and slower reaction during curing process. It was observed to be put to definite point of mechanical strength under lower content of hardener than official ratio. While, hardener ratio more than twice the resin slowed down the curing greatly and lowered the adhesion strength also. In conclusion, under the lower mixing rate of hardener than official ratio would show relatively fast reaction with similar mechanical strength. Over the official ratio on the other hand, material property drops rapidly. Accordingly, mixing ratio of epoxy resin is expected to be influential to the stability of cultural heritage.