• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.91-101
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• 1987

The present experiment was carried out, in the rabbit and cat, in order to explore functional interrelationship between the vestibular semicircular canals and extraocular muscles, which are involved in the vestibulooculomotor reflex as the receptor and effector organ respectively. Semicircular canals were subjected to electrical stimulation, lymphatic fluid flow or acute freezing, and responses of the extraocular muscles were recorded in terms of changes in electromyographic activity and isometric tension. Electrical stimulation of a unilateral canal elicited contraction of the superio-medial muscle group (superior oblique, superior rectus and medial rectus muscles) in the ipsilateral eye and the inferio-lateral muscle group (inferior oblique, inferior rectus and lateral rectus muscles) in the contralateral eye. Thus a simple and distinct axiom was found in the pattern of the reflex-response of the extraocular muscles. Inhibition of the unilateral canals elicited the extraocular muscle responses contrary to those observed by excitation of the canal. Based on the present experimental results, it was demonstrated that the functional interrelations between the semicircular canals and extraocular muscles are rather equivalent in the frontal eyed cats (with binocular vision) and lateral eyed rabbits (with monocular vision). Therefore the previous thesis that the vestibuloocular relations vary from species to species awaits experimental reevaluation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 1974

미로(迷路) 각반규관(各半規管)과 각외안근간(各外眼筋間)의 기능적(機能的) 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하여 미로반사성(迷路反射性) 안구운동(眼球運動)을 위한 신경기구(神經機構)를 이해하고져 마취가토(麻醉家兎)에서 골성(骨性) 반규관(半規管) 팽대부내(膨大部內)에 단전극(單電極)을 삽입하여 각(各) 팽대부신경(膨大部神經)을 전기자극(電氣刺戟)하였을 때 양안(兩眼)의 각(各) 외안근(外眼筋)의 반응(反應)을 등장성장력변화(等長性張力變化)와 근전도(筋電圖)로써 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1) 일측(一側) 미로(迷路)에서 한 반규관신경을 자극하면 양안(兩眼)에서 각각(各各) 3개의 안근(眼筋)은 흥분(興奮)하여 수축(收縮)하고 여기에 대(對)한 3개의 길항근(拮抗筋)은 억제(抑制)되어 이완(弛緩)하였다. 2) 일측(一側) 미로(迷路)의 어느 반규관신경을 자극하거나 동측안(同側眼)에서는 상직근(上直筋), 상사근(上斜筋) 및 내직근(內直筋)이 흥분(興奮)(수축(收縮))하고, 하직근(下直筋), 하사근(下斜筋) 및 외직근(外直筋)은 억제(抑制)(이완(弛緩))되었다. 반대측(反對側) 근(筋)에서는 하직근(下直筋), 하사근(下斜筋) 및 외직근(外直筋)이 흥분(興奮)하고 상직근(上直筋), 상사근(上斜筋) 및 내직근(內直筋)은 억제(抑制)되었다. 3) 일측(一側) 미로(迷路)의 3개 반규관자극을 중복(重複)시켰을 때는 한 안근(眼筋)이나 각안근(各眼筋) 길항근대(拮抗筋對)에 각반규관신경(各半規官神經)의 자극효과(刺戟效果)가 중첩(重疊)됨을 증명(證明)할 수 있었다. 4) 이상(以上)의 실험적 근거를 토대로 하여 각반규관(各半規官)과 각외안근(各外眼筋)의 기능적(機能的) 관계(關係)를 규정(規定)하는 법칙성(法則性)을 찾을 수 있었다. 즉(卽) ‘상직근(上直筋), 내직근(內直筋) 및 상사근(上斜筋)은 동측(同側) 미로(迷路) 반규관(半規管)으로부터 흥분적(興奮的) 충격(衝擊)을 받고 반대측(反對側) 반규관(半規管)들로부터는 억제적(抑制的) 충격(衝擊)을 받으며, 하직근(下直筋), 외직근(外直筋) 및 하사근(下斜筋)을 위하여는 이와 정반대(正反對)의 관계(關係)가 성립(成立)한다. 5) 본(本) 실험성적(實驗性績)을 Cohen 등(等)의 가묘(家猫)에서의 연구보고(硏究報告)와 비교하건데 사근(斜筋)에 대(對)한 반규관사배(半規管司配)는 동일(同一)하나, 내(內) 및 외직근(外直筋)과 상(上) 및 하직근(下直筋)에 대(對)한 반규관사배(半規管司配)는 일부(一部) 상이(相異)하였다. Cohen 등(等)의 성적을 분석(分析)하여 본 결과 이론적(理論的) 모순(矛盾)이 있음을 보았고 안근(眼筋)의 각(各) 길항근(拮抗筋)에 대한 반규관사배(半規管司配)의 양식(樣式)에 있어 일정(一定)한 법칙성(法則性)을 찾을수 없었으며 그들의 관찰에는 실험적(實驗的) 오류(誤謬)를 포함하고 있음을 증명(證明)하였다.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제82권1호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2021

고립성 외안근 전이는 매우 드물게 나타나며, 그중에서도 양측 다발성 외안근 전이는 더욱 드물다. 횡문근육종은 주로 소아에게 생기는 드문 연조직 악성 종양으로, 고립성 외안근 전이를 일으키는 원발암 중 하나로 알려져 있다. 이에 저자는 부비동에서 발생한 횡문근육종 환자에서 발견된 양측 다발성 외안근 전이의 한 증례를 보고하고, 이와 더불어 이전에 보고된 횡문근육종의 고립성 외안근 전이 10예에 대해 간략히 고찰하고자 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1970

In recent observations on vestibular eye movements in mammals, reported by several different workers, it was indicated that the pattern of reflex eye movement from semicircular canal nerve stimulation in rabbits was different from that observed in the other species such as cats and dogs. Observing the different anatomical features of the extraocular muscles of rabbits, Kim ascribed the different pattern of eye movement of rabbits to the functional difference of inferior and superior oblique muscles from those of other species. Present experiment was carried out to elucidate a physiological mechanism underlying in such particular pattern of reflex eye movement in rabbits. An individual canal nerve was selectively stimulated, under a dissecting microscope, by a fine electrode induced into an ampulla through a hole provided on the wall of corresponding osseous canal, and responses of the extraocular muscles were checked by recording the isotonic changes of muscle length. Following results were obtained. 1. Direct stimulation of the superior or inferior oblique muscles Produced upward or downward movement of the eye turning toward medial side respectively. 2. Stimulation of the unilateral canal nerve Produced a marked contraction of a main contracting ocular muscle and simultaneous relaxation of an antagonistic muscle in both eyes. Less potent contraction of an additional ocular muscle was observed and it appeared to augment the function of the main contracting muscle in the ipsilateral eye. 3. Stimulation of superior semicircular canal nerve caused a primary contraction of superior rectus, synergic contraction of superior oblique and relaxation of inferior rectus in ipsilateral eye. Contraction of inferior oblique and relaxation of superior oblique were observed in the contralateral eye. 4. Stimulation of lateral semicircular canal nerve produced a primary contraction of medial rectus, synergic contraction of superior oblique and relaxation of lateral rectus in the ipsilateral eye. Contraction of lateral rectus and relaxation of medial rectus were observed in the contralateral eye. 5. Stimulation of inferior semicircular canal nerve produced a primary contraction of superior oblique, synergic contraction of superior rectus and relaxation of inferior oblique in the ipsilateral eye. Contraction of. inferior rectus and relaxation of superior rectus were observed in the contralateral eye. 6. Upon stimulation of individual canal nerve, the pattern of eye movement in rabbits is different from those of cats, however, the responses of the extraocular muscles appear to be similar in two species. Therefore, it is concluded that the different Pattern of eye movement in both species are not due to the possible difference of vestibule-ocular reflex pathways but to the functional difference of superior and inferior oblique muslces.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.176-180
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• 2011

안와에 발생하는 전이암은 주로 안와 지방이나 뼈에 발생하며 한쪽에 국한되어 발생하고, 양쪽 외안근의 미만성비대 형태로 발생하는 경우는 매우 드물다. 저자들은 코에 생긴 횡문근육종 환자에서 치료 후 추적 관찰 중 발생한 안와의 전이암이 양쪽 외안근의 미만성 비대 형태로 발생하여 갑상선 안병증으로 오인되었던 1예를 보고하고 갑상선 안병증과 감별하는데 도움을 받을 수 있는 소견이 무엇인지에 대해 분석해 보고자 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1982

The present experiment was carried out to elucidate interrelation between the vestibular canals and the extraocular oblique muscles. In urethane anesthetized rabbits, excitatory or inhibitory effect of the canal was produced by three different methods; selective electrical stimulation of the ampullary nerve, bidirectional (ampullofugal or ampullopetal) lymphatic fluid flow, and rapid freezing of the canal. Changes of isometric tension as well as electro-myographic activity of the oblique muscles were recorded in the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes, by means of a polygraphic recorder, and the following results were obtained. 1) Electrical stimulation of a unilateral vertical or horizontal nerve caused contraction of superior oblique muscle and relaxation of inferior oblique muscle in the ipsilateral eye, and contraction of inferior oblique muscle and relaxation of superior oblique muscle in the contralateral eye. 2) Ampullofugal flow in a vertical canal and ampullopetal flow in a horizontal canal caused the oblique muscle responses which were identical to those responses produced by the electrical stimulation of the same canal nerve. 3) Rapid freezing of a vertical canal elicited the oblique muscle responses which were opposite to those caused by electrical stimulation of the same canal nerve. From the above experimental results, functional interrelation between the individual vestibular canal and bilateral extraocular oblique muscles were better elucidated. When these results were compared to those reported by previous investigators (Utzumi, Suzuki et al.), some important discrepancies were found between them. We ascribed such discrepancies to experimental errors of the previous investigators, since their results reflected theoretical contradictions in terms of vestibular eye movements.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.247-250
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• 2003

Objectives : Strabismus refers to the muscle imbalanced that results from improper alignment of the visual axes of the two eyes. It may be divided into paralytic and nonparalytic strabismus. Paralytic strabismus is primarily result from neurologic problem and nonparalytic strabismus is more strictly opthalmologic problem. We try to improve the remedial value of acute paralytic strabismus. Methods : We treated the cases by use of electra-acupuncture at paralytic extraocular muscles. The cases were treated almost daily and every treatment were enforced 10 minutes. We use the PG-306 electra-acupuncture products(Suzuki Iryoki Co. Japan) and apply the low consequence wave of 1-8Hz Results : We found that two cases were recovered almost three months and one case is treated till now and improved. So we try to apply this treatment in many cases and make the treating protocol of acute paralytic strabismus.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.94-97
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• 2019

The patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD) show ocular motor abnormalities including strabismus, vergence deficits, and inaccurate or slow saccades. Two theories have been proposed to explain the oculomotor deficits in MD. The central theory attributes the defects of eye movements of MD to the involvement of the central nervous system while the muscular theory attributes to dystrophic changes of the extraocular muscles. A 58-year-old woman with MD showed selective slowing of horizontal saccades and reduced peak velocities for both horizontal canals in head impulse tests, while smooth-pursuit eye movements and vertical head impulse responses were normal. This case suggests that the extraocular muscles-as a final common pathway of the voluntary saccade and reflexive vestibular eye movements-may better explain the defective rapid eye movements observed in MD.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1972

This experiment was designed to explore specific functional relationship between the vestibular canals and the extraocular oblique muscles by observing the isometric tension responeses of the muscles to the selected vestibular canal excitation. The vestibular excitation was simulated by either stimulation of the individual canal nerve or endolymphatic fluid displacement in each canal. Each canal nerve was subjected to square wave pulses with a monopolar wire electrode placed closely to the ampullary nerve endings for electrical stimulation, and a fine stainless cannula was introduced into the each canal toward the ampulla and a minute amount $(0.5{\sim}3.5\;microliter)$ of fluid was injected in or ejected out by means of a microsyringe connected to the cannula to produce ampullopetal or ampullofugal displacement of endolymphatic fluid. The superior oblique muscle was contracted by the excitation of homolateral canals and was relaxed by contralateral canals. On the contrary, the inferior oblique was contracted by the contralateral canals and was relaxed by the homolateral canals. Summation of excitatory and inhibitory canal effects from the bilateral vestibular system was demonstrable on the tension changes of the oblique muscles. Excitation of either dual or triple canals of the unilateral vestibular system also caused summation effect on the tension response of the oblique pair; thus multiple signals from the different ampullary receptors seems to be converged into the relevant ocular motor muclei. Since the superior and inferior obliques are known to receive their motor fibers from the contralateral trochlear nuclei and intermediate nuclei of the homolateral oculomotor complex respectively, the above experimental evidences indicate that the ocular motor nuclei for oblique muscles receive excitatory signals from the contralateral vestibular canals and inhibitory signals from the homolateral canals.

• 전기의세계
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.54-60
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• 1977

The feedback sources of oculomotor control system consist of three types of feedback path originating from retinal image displacement, in the proprioceptive fibers of the extraocular muscles, in the efference copy within the C.N.S. From above feedback loops, the retinal image feedback path is a main subject in this experiment. The electrical output of eye ball motion detecting with a photo-electric matrix method is fed into galvanometer through the external feedback path, and the stability was also examined.